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General Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
General Chemistry
Separation and Purification
Filtration
Separates solids from liquids or gases by using a medium where only fluids can pass.
Chemical Filter
Ex: salt, chlorine, alcohol, any chemicals used to filter
Mechanical Filter
Ex: coffee filters
Distillation
The process of purifying a liquid involves heating and cooling it, converting it into a vapor that is then condensed back into liquid form.
Purification
Process done to turn a substance into a pure substance.
Chromatography
The most suitable separation method for separating a mixture of different colored ink is through different interactions with the material.
Used in pharmaceutical companies, hospitals, law enforcements, environmental agencies, and manufacturing plants.
Centrifugation
An action/process of using a centrifuge, typically to separate fluids of different densities or liquids from solids.
Cyclonic Separation
Removing particulates from an air, gas, or liquid steam through the use of vortex.
Hydrocyclone- remove particulates from liquid
Gas cyclone- remove particulates from gas
Drying
removes liquid from a solid by vaporization; removal of a solvent (water) from an existing solid body
Sieving
Using a sieve to separate particles
Magnet Separation Technique
process where a contaminant is first attached to a magnet carrier material (magnetite), and subsequently, the contaminant-laden carrier is separated under a magnetic field.
Changes in State of Matter
Melting
solid to liquid
Melting point - temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.
Freezing
liquid to solid
Freezing point - temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid.
Evaporation
liquid to gas
occurs at temperatures below boiling point
only occurs at the surface of the liquid
occurs slowly
Boiling
liquid to gas
Boiling point - temperature at which a liquid boils.
occurs only at boiling point
occurs all throughout the liquid
occurs rapidly
Condensation
gas to liquid
Sublimation
solid to gas
without going through a liquid state.
Deposition
gas to solid
without going through a liquid state.
Diffusion
molecules go from region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
rate of diffusion increases with low relative molecular mass and higher temperature.
Measuring Physical Quantities
Physical quantity
Used to describe a property of matter that can be measured and defined, like mass, volume, and temperature.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
Equipment: Triple beam balance
Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object.
Equipment: Graduated cylinder
Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness of a matter.
Equipment: Thermometer
Particles in Motion
States of Matter
Gases
Particles of Gases
widely spaced
fills space
highest kinetic energy
Properties of Gases
indefinite shape
indefinite volume
low density
high diffusivity
longest distance of particles
highly compressible
Liquids
Particles of Liquids
attraction is weaker than solids but stronger than gases
kinetic energy is higher than solids but weaker than gases
closely packed particles
Properties of Liquids
indefinite shape
high density
definite volume
able to flow and be poured
Solids
Properties of Solids
definite shape
definite volume
high density
rigid
Particles of Solids
tightly packed
lowest kinetic energy
regular pattern
strong attraction
Classification of Matter
Matter
Pure Substance: Only one type of substance present.
Element - One type of atom
Compounds- 2 or more different type of elements that are chemically bonded together.
Molecules- 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Ex: (H2O)2 molecules of hydrogen and 1 molecule of oxygen
Mixtures: More than one type of substance present.
Homogenous Mixture- Composition is uniform throughout the mixture.
Heterogenous Mixture- Composition is not uniform throughout the mixture.
Solutions- Mixture with a solute that is dissolved in a solvent.
Colloids- Small particles of a substance are evenly dispersed throughout another substance. Ex: fog, milk, and smoke.
It scatters light which makes them look cloudy or opaque.
Tyndall effect is used to identify whether the mixture is a colloid or a solution.
Suspension- Mixture where solid particles are evenly dispersed throughout a liquid and tends to settle over time. Solid particles will settle or fall out eventually. Ex: milk.
Atoms- Basic building blocks of matter.