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Skeletal System Yarely Franco Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Yarely Franco Period 2
Types of Bones
Flat
: plate-like shaped w/ broad surface (ribs, scapula, flattened skull bone)
Short
: almost equal in length & width (wrist & ankle bones)
Long
: long w/ expanded end (arms & leg bones)
Irregular
: varied shape (vertebrae, some facial bones)
Sesamoid (round) Bones
: small, nodular bones, develop within a tendon, special type of short bone (patella)
Anatomy of Long Bone
Diaphysis
: shaft of bone
Periosteum
: tough layer of dense connective tissue, covers bone, continuous with ligaments & tendons
Articular cartilage
: covers the epiphyses
Bong Processes
: provide attachment sites for tendons & ligaments, opening of grooves for blood vessels & nerves, & depressions for articulation (forming a joint with another bone)
Compact Bone:
tightly packed tissue, which makes up the wall of diaphysis
Epiphyses
: expanded ends of bones, form joints with adjacent bones
Spongy Bone:
consists of many branching bony plates calles trabeculaw
Name of Bones
Pectoral girdle
: clavicle & scapulae
Pelvic girdle:
coxal bone & pelvic (2 hip bones)
Bones of upper limbs
: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Bones of cranium
: frontal bone, pariental, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, & ethmoid bone
Bones of lower limbs:
femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, talus, calcaneus, metatarsals, phalanges
Facial Bones
: maxillae, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, vomer, palatine bone, & lacrimal bones
Cervical vertebrae: 7 in neck,
Ribs
: true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs, sternum
Sacrum
: triangle at base of vertebral column
Thoracic vertebrae
: 12 in thoracic cage
Coccyx
: composed of 4 fused vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
: 5 in small of the back
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Lamellae
: lacunae lie in concentric circles of matrix
Haversian canal:
lamellae are deposited around a Haversian canal
Lacunae
: Osteocytes are locates within lacunae
Canaliculi
: osteocytes pass nutrients and gas through the matrix using canaliculi
Extracellular matrix
: consists of inorganic salts & collagen
Haversian system
: osteocytes & extracellular matrix layers are organized into Haversian systems that are cemented together
Volkmanns canals
: help osteons share blood supply & nerves
Spongy Bone
: made of osteocytes & extracellular matrix that lie within a trabeculae
Bone Remodeling
Process
: controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium levels
Bone Remodeling
: osteocytes resorb & osteoblasts deposit bone through life
Bone Fracture Repair
Developing
blood vessels & osteoblasts
invade the hematoma
Osteoblasts surround near the new blood vessels, building
spongy bone
A
hematoma
forms when blood from broken blood vessels spread through the damaged area
Granulation developes & fibroblasts produce masses of fibrocatilage
Phagocytic cells
begin to remove the blood clot or damaged cells
Osteoblasts
resorb bone fragments
Fibrocartilage
fills the gap between end of the broken bone
Cartilaginous soft callus
is replaced by bone tiisue
Hard bony callus
replaces the tissue
Joints
Diarthrotic
: freely movable
Fibrous
: Composed of dense connective tissue
Amphiarthrotic
: slightly movable
Cartilaginous
: composed of cartilage
Synarthrotic
: immovable
Synovial
: having a complex structure
Saddle Joint:
variety of movements mainly in 2 planes
Pivot Joint:
rotation around a central axis
Hinge
: convex surface of 1 bone articulates with concave surface of another
Plane/Gliding Joint
: sliding or twisting movements
Condylar Joint
: variety of movements in 2 planes, but no rotation
Ball & Socket Join
t: allows wide range of motion
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Pivot/trochoid Joint
: rotation around a central axis (joint between atlas & dens of axis)
Hinge
: flexion & extension (elbow, joints of phalanges)
Saddle/Sellar Joint
: variety of movements, mainly 2 planes (joint between carpal & metacarpal thumb)
Plane/Gliding Joint
: sliding or twisting
Condylar Joint
: variety of movements in 2 planes, but no rotation (joints between metacarpals & phalanges)
Ball & Socket Joint
: allows wide range of motion (shoulder & hip bones)
Differences Between Male & Female Skeleton
Hip Bones
: Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, & have less muscular attachments.
Obturator Foramina
: Female's is triangular, male's are oval.
Acetabula
: Female's are smaller than male's.
Pubic Arch:
Females is wider than males.
Pelvic Cavity
: Females is wider in all diameters, shorter, roomier, & less funnel-shaped.
Ischial Spines & Ischial Tuberosites
: Females is greater in distance than males.
Sacrum
: Females is wider & sacral curvature is bent more shapely posterior.
Coccyx
: Females is more movable than the males.
Disorders/Diseases
Fungal Infections
: Collection of diseases caused by fungi
Osteoarthritis
: protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down
Chickenpox
: viral infection that causes blistering
Staph Infection
: Bacterial infection by staphylococcus
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
: a genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Psoriasis
: skin inflammation caused by autoimmune disease
Osteosarcoma
: malignant bone tumor
Acne
: clogged pores by dirt or over-production of skin oils
Osteomyelitis
: an infection in the bone
Paget's Disease:
metabolic bone disease affecting the break down & rebuilding of bone.