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Amy Gonzalez Period 5 The Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Amy Gonzalez
Period 5
The Skeletal System
Disorders/Diseases
Osteomyelitis
Causes or Risk Factors: -Primarily staphy loccus -Bacteria travels from the bloodstream into bone -From puncture infection -Direct contamination -Recent orthopedic surgery
Symptoms: -Chills -Fever -Irritability -Lethargic -Pain at infection site -Swelling
Description: An infection in the bone
Treatment Options: -Antibiotics -Surgical drainage -Removal of diseased bone -Restore blood flow to bone -Amputation -Hyperbaric oxygen treatment
Paget's Disease
Causes or Risk Factors: -Exact cause in unknown -Heredity -Possible viral infection -Age (over 40) -Sex (men more common)
Symptoms: -Bone pain dependent on location -Hip pain in pelvis -Hearing loss or headaches in skull -Tingling & numbness in spine
Description: Metabolic bone disease affecting the breakdown & rebuilding of bone
Treatment Options: -Medications -Surgery -Joint replacement -Realignment of bones
Osteosarcoma
Causes or Risk Factors: -Age -Average age of diagnosis is 15 years old -Heredity -Possible linhiage to fluoridated water
Treatment Options: -Surgery -Chemotherapy-Radiation -Limb amputation
Description: Malignant bone tumor
Symptoms: -Bone fracture -Bone pain -Limited movement -Tenderness -Swelling -Redness
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Causes or Risk Factors: -Congenital mutation -Frequent Fractures -Bone bowing seen in fetal ultrasound -Easily bruised -Deafness
Symptoms: -Easily fractured bones -Blue sclera -Muscle weakness -Hearing loss -Microghathia -Limb deformity &shortening
Description: A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Treatment Options: -Uncurable -Perscrption medication to increase bone density -Improved nutrition -Bone marrow transplant
Osteoarthritis
Causes or Risk Factors: -Older age -More common in females -Bone deformities -Joint Injuries -Obesity -Joint Stress
Symptoms: -Tenderness -Pain -Stiffness -Grafting sensation -Loss of flexibility
Description: Protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down
Treatment Options: -Over the counter medications -Perscriptions -Physical Therapy -Splints or braces -Cortisone injection
Names of Bones
Axial
Vertebral Column
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)
Rib Cage
Sternum (Maubrium, Body, & Xiphoid Process
True Ribs (first 7)
False Ribs (ribs 8-10)
Floating Ribs (last 2 that aren't attached to the sternum)
Skull
Nasal Bone
Vomer Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Mandible (jaw)
Sphenoid Bone
Maxilla (upper lip area)
Occipital Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Temporal Bone
Palatine Bone
Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Appendicular
Upper Limbs
Humerus (upper arm)
Radius (lateral bone of low arm)
Ulna (medial bone of low arm)
Carpals (wrist bones)
Metacarpals (bones on palm)
Phalanges (fingers)
Pelvic Girdle
Coxal Bone (hip)
Ilium
Iliac Crest
Ischium
Pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx
Shoulder Girdle
Clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Lower Limbs
Patella (knee)
Tibia
Femur (thigh)
Fibula
Tarsals (ankle bones)
Metatarsals
Phalanges (toes)
Talus (heel)
Calcaneus
Bone Fracture Repair
-Treatment involves reduction, the alignment of broken bone ends
Closed Reduction: physician manipulates to correct position
-Immobilization of bone by cast or traction is needed for healing
-Time frame of healing depends per person
Open Reduction: surgical pins or wires secure ends
Hematoma Formation:
-Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming a hematoma
-Site is swollen, painful, & inflamed
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation:
-Capillaries grow into hematoma
-Phagocytic cells clear debris
-Fibroblasts, cartilage, & osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
-Create cartilage matrix of repair tissue
-mass repair tissue is called fibrocartilaginous callus
Bony Callus Formation:
-Callus is converted to bony callus of spongey bone
-Formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
Bone Remodeling:
-Begins during bony callus formation
-Excess material on diaphysis exterior & within medullary cavity is removed
-Final structure resembles original structure
Differences of Male & Female Skeleton
Pelvis
Male
-Narrow pelvic opening
-Coccyx is more defined and pointed inwards
Female
-Wide pelvic opening
-Coccyx is not as defined and its direction is more anterior
Shoulders
Male
typically broader shoulders
Female
typically more narrow
Rib cage
Male
"longer" rib cage
Female
"shorter" rib cage
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Angular Movements
Extension: Increases angle of joint
Hyperextension: movement beyond anatomical position
Flexion: decreases angle of joint
Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from midline
Adduction: movement along frontal plane, towards midline
Circumduction: Involves flexion, abduction, extension, & adduction; Limb describes cone in space
Rotation: turning of bone along its long axis
Medial: rotation towards midline
Lateral: rotation away from midline
Special Movements
Plantar Flexion: pointing toes
Inversion: sole of foot faces medially
Dorsiflexion: bending foot towards shin
Eversion:sole of foot faces laterally
Pronation: palms face posteriorly
Protraction: mandible juts out
Supination: palms face anteriorly
Retraction: mandible pulled toward neck
Elevation: lifting body part
Depression: lowering body part
Opposition: movement of thumb
Gliding: flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Types of Bones
Irregular Bones
-Complicated shapes (ex: vertebrae & hip bones
Long Bones
-Longer than they are wide -Limb bones (ex: femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, & ulna)
Short Bones
-Cube-shaped bones (in wrist & ankle) -Sesmoid bones form within tendons (ex: patella) -Vary in size &number in different individuals
Flat Bones
-Thin, flat, & slightly curved ( ex: sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones)
Joints
Functional: based on movement joint allows
Diarthroses: freely movable joints
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
Synarthroses: immovable joints
Structural:based on what material binds the joints
Cartilaginous:
-Bones united by cartilage
-Not highly movable
Synchondroses:
-Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
-Almost all are synarthrotic
Symphyses:
-Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
-Hyaline cartilage also present as articular cartilage on bony surfaces
-Strong and highly movable
Synovial:
-Seperated by fluid-filled joint cavity
-all are diarthrotic
-Include almost all limb joints
Joint (synovial) Cavity: small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
Articular (joint) Capsule: two layers thick
External Fibrous Layer: dense irregular connective tissue
Inner Synovial Membrane: loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
Articular Cartilage: consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bone prevents crushing of bone ends
Synovial Fluid: Viscous filtrate of plasma that lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
Various Reinforcing Ligaments
Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
Extracapsular: outside the capsule
Intracapsular: deep to capsule;covered by synovial membrane
Nerves & Blood Vessels:
-Nerves detect pain; monitor joint position & stretch
-Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
Fibrous:
-bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
-no joint cavity
-most are immovable
Syndesmoses:
-Bones connected by ligaments
Gomphoses:
-Peg-in-socket joints
-Only examples are teeth
-Fibrous connection is periodontal ligament
Sutures:
-Rigid, interlocking joints of skull
-Allow for growth during youth
Anatomy of Long Bone
Epiphyseal line: line between diaphysis & epiphysis -Remmant of childhood epiphyseal plate, where bone growth occurs
Epiphysis: ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally & spongey bone internally
Diaphysis: tublar shaft that forms long axis of bone
-Consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults
Membranes:
-Periosteum: white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
Fibrous layer: outer layer consisting of dense, irregular connective tissue consisting of sharpey's fibers that secure to bone matrix
Osteogenic Layer: inner layer abutting bone
Endosteum: Delicate connective tissue membrane covering. internal bone surface
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Osteogenic Cells:
-Mitocally active stem cells in periosteum & endosteum
-When stimulates, they differenciate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells
Osteoblasts:
-Bone-forming cells that secrete unminiralized bone matrix called osteoid
-Actively miotic
Osteoid: made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins
Collagen: makes up 90% of bone protein
Osteocytes:
-Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
-maintain bone matrix & act as stress or strain sensors
-Respond to mechanical stimuli
Bone-lining Cells:
-Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix
Osteoclasts:
-Derived from same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages
-Giant, mutinucleate cells function in bone resorption
-Help seal off area from surrounding matrix
Bone Remodeling
Consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
-Resorption is function of osteoclasts
Bone Deposit: New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Remodeling Units: packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process