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Azucena Soto, Per.5, Skeletal system, F9A4D398-4F96-45FD-AE17-625B19986C79…

- - - - Rotation: turning of bone around its own long axis, towards or away from midline
        Medial:towards (midline)
        Lateral:away (midline)
        Ex. Rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae
        Rotation of Humerus and femur)
        
        Special movements :
        Supination and pronation of radius and ulna
        S-palms face anteriorly, radius and ulna=parallel
        P-Palms face posteriorly, radius over ulna
        Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
        D-bending of foot towards shin
        P-pointing toes
        Inversion and eversion of foot:
        I-sole of the foot face medially
        E-sole of foot faces laterally
        Protraction and retraction:
        P-mandible juts out
        R-mandible is pulled towards neck
        Elevation and Depression:
        E-Lifting body parts of superiority (shrugging shoulders)
        D- lowering body part *opening jaw)
        Opposition: movement of thumb, ex, touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand or any grasping movement
- - - - Articular Cartilage: covers articular (joint) surfaces. Between diaphysis and epiphysis is the epiphyses line (in childhood it is like the epiphyses plate)
- - - - Osteoporosis: A GROUP of diseases which bone resorption exceeds deposit, matrix=normal, bone mass= declines
        Vertebrae and hip fractures are very common
        Risk factors; aged postmenopausal women, affects 30% of women ages 60-70 yrs and 70% by age 80
        -insufficient exercise to stress bones
        -Diet poor in calcium and proteins
        -smoking
        -genetics
        -hormone related conditions (diabetes mellitus)
        -consumption of alcohol and certain medications
        Treatment-Calcium, vitamin D supplements, weight-bearing exercise, hormone replacement therapy. (Denosumab, Bisphosphonates)
        why not men?-protection by strong testosterone
        
        Paget's Disease-Excessive and haphazard bone deposit, and resorption =bone grows fast and develops poorly (page tic bone)
        High ratio of spongy to compact bone =reduced mineralization
        Occurs in- spine, pelvis, femur, skull
        Rarely occurs before age 40
        Cause: unknown
        Treatment-calcitonin and bisphosphonates
- - - - Irregular bones: Have a complicated shape, usually found in the vertebrae and hip bones
- - - - Synovial Joints: Bone separated by fluid filled joint cavity, ALL freely movable, include almost limb joints . (six different types)
        Articular cartilage: hyaline covering ends of bones, prevents crushing of bone ends.
        Joint synovial cavity: cavity=small fluid filled potential space
        Articular joint capsule: capsule=2+layers, fibrous is irregular inner is connective tissue
        
        Synovial fluid Viscous: filtrate of plasma, and hyaluronic acid, moisturizes and lubricates articular cartilage, helps remove debris
        
        Plane joint- nonaxial movement, example is intercarpal joints
        Hinge Joint- Uniaxial movement, example is elbow joint
        Pivot joint - Uniaxial movement, example being proximal radio ulnar joint
        Condylar joint-biaxial movement, for example metatarsophalangeal
        Saddle joint-Biaxial movement, example carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
        Ball and socket joints-Multiaxial, for example shoulder and hip joints