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Nursing school - Coggle Diagram
Nursing school
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
phases
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chemical processes exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide taking place between the cells and the bloodstream
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air then passes into the larynx, in the throat which contains the vocal chords responsible for creating sounds
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diaphragm
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forms the floor of the chest cavity and separates the contents of the chest from the contents of the abdomen
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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it adjust the activities of the individual to its environment and maintains the integrity of the body
irritability
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conductivity
the power to transmit energy set off by a stimulus from one locality to another without perceptible change in the conducting tissue
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this system is receiving, conducting, coordinating, and maintaining the unity of personality
central nervous system
brain
large and complex, it weights 3 pounds
it grows rapidly only the first 9 years, and stops growing at the 20th year
spinal cord
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it extends from the medulla through the bony neural arches of the vertebrae of the spinal column, tapering slightly as it descends
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grey matter contains nerve cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibres whereas numerous myelinated fibres consistite the white matter
functions
serve as a pathway for the conduction of impulses between the peripheral nervous system and the brain
act as a reflex center for numerous local reflexes, simple ones
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both systems are composed by neurons which are the structural and functional units of the nervous system
TISSUES
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tissues are made up of large numbers of identical cells which have developed to carry out a special function
Epithelial tissues
protective tissue, covers the body and lines the inner/internal parts of the organs, it is also a secretory tissue because it composes glands
examples: they form the skin and line the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts, found also in salivary glands, sweat glands and tear glands
Muscular tissues
it can contract, they can be contracted and released, it can be voluntary, involuntary or cardiac
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involutary, smooth or unstriped
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Connective tissues
supporting and connective tissue, it can be in several forms such as adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, and bone tissue
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bone, the hardest connective tissue forms the skeleton
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Nervous tissues
transmitting, active tissue from the brain to the spinal cord, they can be motor or afferent
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Skin
Epidemis
the most outer part
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melanocytes
protective cells, they darkens in excessive sun exposure in order too protect the organs below
Dermis
composed of a melange of connective-tissue elements, nerves, blood and lymph vessels, glands, appendages, mast cells, histiocytes
Panniculus adiposus
fat, protective layer that acts as a cushion between the epidermis, dermis and underlying bone
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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process of mechanically and chemically breaking down food and simple compounds suitable for absorption into the body
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deglutition
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the larynx is raised up to protect the epiglottis so the respiration is inhibited so that the food cannot enter the trachea
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the oesophagus is a muscular tube that conducts the food down to the stomach by a wave of muscular contraction (peristalsis), aided by gravity
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the food enter the stomach through a ring of muscle called cardiac sphincter, that acts like a valve
digestion and absorption
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gastric juice contains special enzymes such as pepsin, rennin, lipase which act upon the proteins and fats
the duodenal contents become alkaline by the action of fluids brought to the duodenum by ducts from the liver and pancreas
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pancreatic juice contains amylase, lipase, trypsin that acts on carbohydrates, fats and proteins
succus entericus
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it contains invertase, maltase and lactase that act upon sugars
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the wall are raised into tiny finger-like processes called villi, that increase the absorbing surface of the intestine
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the food products are taken directly into the blood stream and carried to the liver or in further chemical processes
for fats, they go in the lacteal and hence into the lymphatic system and on the general circulation
excretion
waste products go into the large intestine where water and salts are removed and more solid faeces are passed into the rectum
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the kidneys filter the blood and eliminate water, salts and other end products of metabolism via the urine
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the saliva can also excrete certain materials, such as mercury and lead, in case of poisoning
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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hormone
a chemical substance which in some way regulates the functioning of the body (substance circulating in the blood and regulating several functions)
thyroid
butterfly-like, bilobed organ lying in the neck below Adam's apple
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it produces thyroxine
necessary for normal physical and mental development, and regulates metabolic rate
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pituitary gland
size of a pea, located in the middle of the head attached to the brain
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testis and ovaries
produce sex hormones that regulate secondary sexual characteristics and important behavioural traits
SKELETAL SYSTEM
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in a newborn skull bones, hip bones, the sacrum are a fusion
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
male reproductive system
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the tubules leads to a system of wider tubes called the epididymis where the sperm is mixed and stored
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penis
spongy tissue that contains spaces which fill with blood during sexual excitement and cause the organ to stiffen
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
it consist of:
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arteries
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blood from all parts of the body except the lungs enters the right atrium through 2 large veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
the right ventricle pumps this venous blood to the pulmonary artery which carries it to the lungs where it is oxygenated
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veins
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the left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta, whose branches carry it to all parts of the body
spleen
a highly vascular organ about 5 inches long, situated above the left kidney
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although the heart rests briefly after each contraction, it must work constantly and therefore need blood
it is supplied with blood by the coronary artery, which branches from the aorta
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
organs:
kidneys
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the right kidney is placed a little lower than the left one because the liver is larger on the right side
4-5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, 1-2 inches thick, it weights half a pound
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each kidney contains 1 million tubules and the combined length of the tubules of both kidneys is 40 miles
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urinary bladder
hollow, elastic organ that contains urine
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