Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Biology 2023 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - traits high in frequency are ussualy more suitable for the populations environment
        
        while traits low in frequency or fully eliminated from the population are less suitable
    - - The process by which all organisms adapt to a certain environment
    - - P
        
        Population changes over time
        
        over generations more individuals in the population will likely possess the advantagous trait
        
        Increasing frequency of trait in population
        
        Making it most common phenotype for population
      - R
        
        Reproduction
        
        individuals that survive can reach sexual maturity to pass Genes (DNA) in their gametes
      - S
        
        Survival
        
        individuals with adaptation will survive better then individuals without it.
      - A
        
        Adaptation
        
        Changes to the Environment may have certain traits in the population to be Advantageous
        
        Changes are called Selection pressures
        
        it is NOT a CHOICE to adapt, they are already adapted to selection pressure
        
        these traits are then called adaptations
        
        types
        
        Physiological
        
        1 more item...
        
        behavioral
        
        1 more item...
        
        Structural
        
        1 more item...
      - V
        
        Variation
        
        Individuals expirienceing diffirence in specific trait then other individuals in same population
        
        Is result of mutation in DNA
        
        Population: Same species same location
  - - - Galapagos islands
        
        One population of finches spread across islands
        
        Each islands conditions favoured diffirent beak sizes
        
        Go through VASRP and become own speices on each island
      - Fossil evidince
        
        Fossils formed when covered quickly with sediment
        
        Since sedimentry rocks have layers that can be used to show fossils from diffirent time periods
        
        deeper fossils suggest that all speices came from a common ancestor
      - Embryology
        
        Embryotic stages between diffirent speices were shown to be similar
        
        Salamander, chicken, pig and human embryos start a clump of cells
        
        But through embryo stages each species grows a trait that is specific to its species
        
        Eg Salamander grows tail as a fetus
      - tectonic plates
        
        fossil found to be shared between continents that were connected together in pangea
    - - And have diffirentied them selves through natural selection
  - - - 2 populations
        
        Separated into two diffirent environments
        
        then both go through natural selection thus evolving
        
        Test to check if both populations are new species is to see a sexually viable offspring is able to be produced.
- - - - The blue prints of a body
        
        Tells cells what to build
      - Genes are a part of it
        
        They dictate traits of a organism
        
        Eg there is a gene for ranga hair
        
        Alleles are version of a gene
        
        Dominant & recessive alleles
        
        If sex cell has one dominant allele the organism from the sex cell will have have reflect the dominant allele
        
        if Cell has two recessive alleles it will result in reflecting the recessive allele
        
        Example
        
        G is dominant and in top two squares results in the
        
        1 more item...
        
        Punnet Squares are used to show the possible Chromosomes for a sex cell for a certain gene
        
        Top represent one parent
        
        left represents other parent
        
        This is an allele
        
        Genotype: genetic composition
        
        Eg XY XX
        
        affects phenotype
      - Bases
        
        guanine
        
        cytosine
        
        Can only be together
        
        thymine
        
        Can only be together
        
        Adenine
      - Mutations
        
        any change in the genetic matierial particularly DNA sequence
  - - - Gametes
        
        Sperm or Ova
    - - Creates 4 Gametes with 2 chromosomes pairs
      - stages
        
        Prophase
        
        1 cell sorts chromosomes into homologous pairs and crossover each chromatid to mix up genes
        
        Metaphase
        
        Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell
        
        Anaphase
        
        2 more items...
        
        nucleus breaks down to start forming new nucleus's
        
        23 chromosome pairs per cell
        
        In the nucleus of a cell
        
        46 chromosomes pairs because of interphase
        
        Interphase 23 chromosomes copied to form full set
    - - Heterozygous dominant
      - Homozygous
      - Heterozygous recessive
  - - - For Growth repair and Maintenance