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چپتر 3 کتاب تالی - Coggle Diagram

- - - - dry and almost black in small seed-eating from arid areas
      - dark green in seed-eating parrots
      - brown with a protein-rich diet (raptors)
      - very pale and liquid in fruit and nectar feeders
  - - - water deprivation
      - liver diseas
    - - Can be normal
      - malabsorption
- - - - clear, round, centrally placed, moist and shining
      - abnormal
        
        epiphora or ocular discharge
        
        caking around the eyelids
        
        hypovitaminosis A
        
        xerophthalmia
        
        swellings above or below the eye
        
        periocular or periorbital swellings
        
        primary sinusitis
        
        Swelling medial to the eye
      - tear film
      - cytology & bopsy
        
        swabs
        
        needle biopsy
        
        flushings
    - - clear and open
      - centrally placed shiny operculum
      - abnormal
        
        Discharge
        
        , occlusion
        
        rhinoliths
        
        :check: chlamydophilosis is always a differential diagnosis
        
        Cnemidocoptes spp
    - - variety of shapes and colours
      - smooth and shiny in most speacies
      - powder down feather in cockatoos
      - excessive growth or abnormal wear?
      - Aspergillosis and candidiasis of the beak
    - - auriscope operculum
      - tainless steel gag
      - small birds a paper clip gag
      - hypovitaminosis A,
        
        abscesses on the tongue or between the mandibles;
        
        common in psittacines
      - caseous material
        
        in pigeons and raptors
        
        rule out trichomoniasis?
        
        wet preparation
    - - have no pinnae but consist of an auricular opening
      - aural canal situated ventrocaudal to the lateral canthus
      - polyps, neoplasia or infections