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Concept Map: 04 Skeletal System
Leo Gomez
Period 5 Anatomy - Coggle…
- Concept Map: 04 Skeletal System
- Leo Gomez
- Period 5 Anatomy
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Anatomy of the Long Bone
Diaphysis: Long, solid bone shaft providing support and leverage.
Epiphyses: Bulbous ends, crucial for joint stability and tendon attachment.
Metaphysis: Region where growth occurs, containing the growth plate in children.
Articular Cartilage: Smooth cartilage covering joint surfaces, reducing friction.
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Medullary Cavity: Hollow space filled with marrow, storing fat and producing blood cells.
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Epiphyseal Line: Remnant in adults, marking past growth in childhood.
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Bone Remodeling
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After a bone fracture, bleeding occurs, forming a clot (hematoma) at the site of the break, sealing the area.
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Fibrous tissue (fibrocartilaginous callus) forms, bridging the gap between broken bones, providing initial stability.
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The soft callus hardens into bony tissue (bony callus), further stabilizing the fracture.
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Osteoclasts remove excess bone, reshaping it, while osteoblasts deposit compact bone, restoring the bone's original strength and structure.
Bone Fracture Repair
1) Hematoma Formation: When a bone breaks, a clot called a hematoma forms at the break, starting the healing process.
3) Bony Callus Formation: Cells multiply, creating a soft callus that supports the broken bone. Later, this becomes a strong bony callus, making the bone sturdy again.
4) Bone Remodeling: Cells reshape the bone, restoring its strength and shape.
Closed Reduction: Doctors realign the bone without surgery, using casts for healing.
Open Reduction: Surgery aligns the bones, often using screws or plates for stability.
After a break, a clot forms turns into a soft callus, and then a strong one, restoring bone strength. Treatment can be non-surgical (closed reduction) or surgical (open reduction) to aid healing.
2) Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation: When a bone breaks, the body makes a soft patch to fix it. This patch hardens over time, making the bone strong again. Sometimes, doctors do a small operation to help the bone heal better.
Joints (and examples)
Fibrous Joints: These joints are held together by dense connective tissue and allow for little to no movement. Examples include:
Sutures: Found between the bones of the skull, where they are tightly joined together.
Syndesmoses: Found between the radius and ulna bones in the forearm or the tibia and fibula bones in the lower leg.
Cartilaginous Joints: These joints are connected by cartilage and allow for limited movement. Examples include:
Synchondroses: Found between the ribs and sternum, where hyaline cartilage connects the bones.
Symphyses: Found between the vertebrae in the spine or the pubic bones in the pelvis, where fibrocartilage acts as a shock absorber.
Synovial Joints: These joints have a synovial capsule and synovial fluid, allowing for a wide range of movement. Examples include:
Ball-and-Socket Joints: Found in the hip and shoulder, allowing for multi-directional movement.
Hinge Joints: Found in the elbow and knee, allowing for movement in one plane (like a hinge).
Pivot Joints: Found between the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck, allowing for rotational movement.
Gliding Joints: Found between the carpal bones in the wrist or the tarsal bones in the foot, allowing for sliding or gliding movement.
Saddle Joints: Found in the base of the thumb, allowing for a wide range of movement.
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Disorders/Diseases
Osteomalacia: Osteomalacia softens bones due to vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency, causing bone pain and muscle weakness. Treatment involves vitamin D and calcium supplements, addressing underlying causes.
Rickets: Rickets weakens children's bones from vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency, leading to deformities and delayed growth. Treatment includes supplements and addressing underlying causes.
Paget's Disease: Paget's disease misshapes and enlarges bones due to unknown factors, causing pain and fractures. Treatment manages symptoms and aims to prevent complications with medications.
Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis weakens bones, making them prone to fractures, especially in older adults, often due to aging and hormonal changes. Treatment involves medications to increase bone density, lifestyle changes, and exercises to reduce fracture risk.
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