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Skeletal System- Alejandro Alvarez P2 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System- Alejandro Alvarez P2
Bones
Appendicular skeleton
Upper extremity
humerus (arm bone)
ulna (medial forearm)
radius (lateral forearm)
clavicle (collar bone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
carpals (wrist bones)
metacarpals (palm bones)
phalanges (finger bones)
Lower extremity
femur (knee bone)
patella (knee cap)
Tibia (medial leg bone)
fibula (lateral leg bone)
tarsals (ankle bones
talus (ankle bone)
calcaneus ( heel bone)
metatarsals (mid foot bones)
phalanges (toe bones)
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Frontal (forehead)
zygomatic (cheek bones)
parietal (top of skull)
maxilla (upper jaw)
Mandible (lower jaw)
nasal bone (nose)
vomer bone (midline nose bone)
temporal (side of skull)
occipital bone (back of skull)
sphenoid (front of temporal bone)
Ribcage
Ribs
sternum (breast bone)
Vertebrae
thoracic (torso region)
cervical (neck)
Atlas (1st cervical vertebrae)
Axis (second cervical vertebrae)
lumbar (pelvic region)
sacrum
Long Bone Anatomy
Epiphysis
articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis
epiphyseal lines- a thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphysis and the metaphyses
spongy bone- type of bone tissue that is light and dense and reduces the weight of the skeleton
spaces containing red marrow
Diaphysis
medullary cavity
yellow marrow- specialized type of connective tissue
compact bone- tightly packed tissue that make up the walls of the diaphysis
Layers
periosteum- covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons
Endosteum- a thin layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity
Classifications of bones
Long:
Definition: long with expanded ends;
Ex: arm and leg bones
Short
Definition: almost equal in length and width;
Ex: bones of the wrist and ankles
Flat
Definition: plate like shape with broad surface
Ex: ribs,
scapula, flattened skull bones
Irregular
Definition: bones that vary in shape
Ex: vertebrae, some facial bones
Sesamoid
Definition: small, nodular bones that develop within a
tendon; special type of short bone;
Ex: patella
Microscopic bone anatomy
lamellae
concentric circles that lacunae lie in
central (haversian) canal
cylindrical tubes that lamellae are deposited around
Osteocytes
bone cells
canaliculi
tiny canals thats allows osteocytes to pass nutrients and gasses
extracellular matrix (consists of collagen and inorganic salts)
collagen- provides strength and resilience
Inorganic salts (mostly calcium phosphate) - provides hardness and resistance to crushing
osteons
osteocytes and extracellular matrix layers are organized into osteons that are cemented together
perforating (Volkmann's) canal
help osteons
share blood supply and nerves
trabeculae
spongy bone is made of osteocytes and
extracellular matrix that lie within trabeculae
Bone remodeling
Definition- Osteoclasts resorb and osteoblasts deposit bone throughout life, in a process called bone remodeling
3% to 5% of bone calcium is exchanged each year
controlled by hormones that regulate
blood calcium levels
Bone Fracture and Repair
Fracture
greenstick
incomplete and break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone
fissured
incomplete longitudinal break
spiral
caused by excessive twisting of a bone
Comminuted
complete and fragments the bone
transverse
a complete break that occurs at a right 90 degree angle
oblique
occurs at an angle other than a right angle
Repair
when a bone breaks blood vessels rapture and blood clotting occurs
within days or weeks blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the hematoma
osteoblasts rapidly divide to build back spongy bone
fibrocartilage fills the gaps between the ends of bones and is later replaced by bone tissue
Joints
Fibrous (composed of DCT)
description: articulating bones are fastened by a thin layer of dense connective tissue.
possible movements: none or slightly twisting
Ex: skull sutures
Cartilaginous(composed of cartilage)
Description: articulating bones are fastned by hyaline or fibrocartilage
Possible movement: Limited movement, as when
back is bent or twisted
Ex: joints between the bodies of vertebrae
Synovial (complex structure)
Ball-and-socket
description- ball shaped head of one bone articulates with cup shaped cavity of another
movement- in planes including rotation
ex: shoulder, hip
Condylar
description- oval shaped condyle of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another
movement- variety of movements in two planes but no rotation
ex: joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Plane
description: articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
movement- sliding or twisting
ex: Joints between various bones
of wrist and ankle,
Hinge
description- convex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another
movements- flexion and extension
ex: elbow, joints of phalanges
Pivot
description- cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bone and ligament
movement- rotation around central axis
ex: joint between atlas and dens of axis
Saddle
description: the surface of one bone fits complementary surface of another one
movement- variety, mainly in 2 planes
Ex: joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
Joint movements
Flexion
bending parts at a joint, so angle between them decreases
extension
Straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them increases
lateral flexion
bending the neck, head, or trunk to the side
hyperextension
straightening beyond normal anatomical position
abduction
moving a body part away from midline
adduction
moving body part toward midline
dorsiflexsion
ankle movement that brings foot closer to the shin
plantar flexion
moves foot farther from shin (pointing toes)
rotation
movement of a part around axis
circumduction
movement of a part so its end follows a circular
path
pronation
rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing
downward or posteriorly
supination
rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing
upward or anteriorly
inversion
movement of one foot medially
eversion
movement of one foot laterally
protraction
moving a part of the body forward
retraction
moving a part of the body backward
elevation
raising a part of the body
depression
lowering a part of the body
Differences between male and female skeleton
pelvic cavity
male- longer, tighter, and more funnel shaped. Distances between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are smaller.
female- wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less
funnel-shaped. distances between the female ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater.
pelvic girdle
Male- hip bones are thicker and have less muscle attachments. Obturator foramina are oval. The acetubla are bigger and pubic arch is thinner.
Female- Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments. obturator foramina are triangular. The female acetabula are smaller and the pubic arch is wider
Sacrum
male- sacrum is less wider.
female- Female sacrum is wider, and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly
coccyx
male- less moveable
female- more moveable
Disorders and Diseases
Osteoarthritis
Description- protective cartilage at ends of bone wear down
Causes/Risk Factors- older age, females, obesity
Symptoms- tendernesss, pain, stiffness
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Causes/ Risk factors- congenital mutation, frequent fractures
symptoms- easily fractured bones, muscle weakness, hearing loss
treatment: incurable , bone marrow transplant
Osteosarcoma
Description- malignant bone tumor
Causes/Risk factors- hereditary, age
Symptoms- bone fracture, bone pain, swelling
Osteomyelitis
Description- infection in the bone
Causes/Risk Factors- puncture infection, direct contamination
Symptoms- chills, fever, swelling
Treatment- antibiotics, surgical drainage, amputation
Paget's Disease
description- metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
Causes/ Risk factors- unknown cause, hereditary, possible viral infection
Symptoms- bone pain, hip pain
treatment- medications, surgery