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Classification of consonants (are sounds which made with air stream that…

- - - - voiced [b, d, g]
      - voiceless [p, t, k|
    - - The English occlusive nasal sonorants: [m, n, ŋ]
  - - - [v, f, θ, ð, z, s, ʃ, ʒ, h]
    - - [w, r, l, j]
- - - - Weak noise consonants (are produced with a relatively weak breath effort) - lenis
        
        [b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, dz]
      - Strong noise consonants (are produced with more muscular energy and stronger breath effort) - fortis
        
        [p, t, k, f, Ө, s, h, ʃ, ʧ]
    - - Voiceless (If the vocal cords are apart and do not vibrate we hear only noise and the consonants are voiceless)
        
        [p, t, k, f, Ө, s, h, ʃ, ʧ]
      - Voiced (When the vocal cords are brought together and vibrate we hear voice)
        
        [b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, dz]
- - - - Palatal (are made with the front part of the tongue raised high to the hard palate)
        
        [j]
    - - [k, g, ŋ]
    - - According to the place of obstraction forelingual may be
        
        Interdental consonants are made with the tip of the tongue projected between the teeth:
        
        [ð, Ө].
        
        Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tip against the upper teeth ridge: the English
        
        [t, d, s, z, n, l].
        
        Dental consonants are produced with the blade of the tongue against the upper teeth. (Only Russian)
        
        Post-alveolar consonants are made by the tip or the blade of the tongue is against the back part of the teeth ridge or just behind it.
        
        [r]
        
        Palato-alveolar consonants are made with the tip or the blade of the tongue against the teeth ridge and the front part of the tongue raised towards the hard palate, thus having two places of articulation.
        
        [dʒ, tʃ, ʒ, ʃ]
      - Apical the tip of the tongue is active [t, d, s, z, tʃ, n, l].
      - Dorsal (it the blade of the tongue takes part in the articulation, the tip being massive and lowered as in the case of the Russian, for example, [т, д, н]
      - Cacuminal, if the tip of the tongue is at the back part of the teeth ridge, but a depression is formed in the blade of the tongue [r]
  - - - [p, b,m, w]
    - - [f, v].