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Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior - Coggle Diagram
Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior
Systems and Genetics
Genetics
dominant or regressive
46 chromosomes 23 pair
Twins
Dizygotic: 2 egg 2 sperm
Monozygotic: 1 egg 2 sperm
Chromosomal abnormalities
Down: extra chro. on 21th pair
Klinefelter's: XXY 23th pair
Turner's: singled X 23th pair
Endocrine System
Adrenal glands = adrenaline = fight or flight ( autonomic NS)
end. ==>hypothalamus==>hormones==>biological processes
Ovaries and Tests = sex hormones
Neuroanatomy
Neuron
Axon: polarized "wire"; sends electric currents; sped up by Myelin Sheath
Synaptic knobs: location of neurotransmitters
Soma: nucleus
Dentrite: receptor
Synapse: space between knobs and dentrites
Types
Afferent: send info to CNS
Interneurons: in CNS, send info to brain or efferent neurons
Efferent: send from CNS to body
Neuron firing
resting state(negative charge)=>stimuli=>pass threshold=>firing(action potential)=>depolarization=>refractory period=>resting state
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine(alertness): lack= Parkinson's, too much= schizophrenia
Serotonin(mood): lack= clinical depression
Acetylcholine(motor movement): lack =Alzheimer's
GABA(inhibitory/stopper): lack =seizures/sleep problem
Glutamate(excitatory/speeder): lack =migraines, seizures
Norepinephrine(alertness/arousal): lack =depression
Endorphin(pain control): lack =addiction
Drugs
General Types: agonists(mimic) / antagonists(block)
Symptoms: Tolerance(take too much for too long); Withdrawal(harm after stopping intake); Dependence(addiction)
Types
Stimulants(speeders): cocaine, caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine
Depressants(blockers): Alcohol, barbiturates, anxiolytics(Valium)
Hallucinogens: ecstasy, LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, marijuana
Opiates(painkillers): morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine
Nervous system(NS)
Peripheral NS
Somatic( voluntary action)
Autonomic( keeps us alive)
Parasympathetic(slows body down after response)
Sympathetic(activate body after stress response)
Central NS
Spinal Cord
Brain
Ways of study
MRI: magnetic field for brain structure
PET: radioactive dose =activity
CT: X-ray = brain structure
fMRI: structure and activity
EEG: detect brain waves
Split-brain
Accidents and Lesions
Autopsy
Structure
Hindbrain: Medulla(basic maintenance), Pons(sleep cycle, facial expressions), Cerebellum(basic muscle movement)
Midbrain: Reticular Formation(arousal and attention)
Forebrain: Thalamus(all senses except sight), Hypothalamus(metabolic funcs. and pituitary gland), Amygdala(emotions), Hippocampus(memory processing), Olfactory bulb(odors)
Limbic system = Thalamus+Amygdala+Hippocampus
Brainstem = Midbrain+Pons+Medulla
Cerebral Cortex
Wrinkled surface/fissures for more surface
Neurons connect while growing
Lobes(8, 4 per hemisphere)
Parietal
Sensory cortex(process sensory info)
Occipital(visual info)
Frontal
Broca's Area(mouth's muscles control)
Motor cortex(voluntary muscle movement
Prefrontal cortex(abstract thought and emotions)
Temporal(sound info)
Wernicke's area( linguistic recognition)
Association(unidentified areas): for complex thought
Contralateral control: right hem.(creativity) for left body-side, left hem.(logics) for right body-side
Split-brain(corpus callosum cut): treat seizures
Brain plasticity= ability to change/to adapt
Conscience(lvl of awareness of self & environment)
Evidence of Conscience
Mere-exposure effect (old stimuli>new stimuli)
Priming effect (-time response to older questions)
Blind sight("see" while blind)
Sleep
Dreams
Activation-synthesis theory(dream= interpretation of physiological occurences)
Information-processing theory( +stress = +dreaming)
Sigmund Freud: Manifest content(dream) and latent content(unconscious meaning)
Hormones
Melatonin: by pineal gland, control sleep wake cycle
Oxytocin: social activity
Stages
onset(alpha waves)
1 & 2(theta, short bursts of rapid waves)
3 & 4(delta, slower wave = less awareness, replenish chemicals & health)
REM(dreams, memory processing, deprivation = REM rebound)
Disorders
Narcolepsy(able to fall asleep anytime)
Sleep apnea(stop breathing while sleep)
Insomnia(cannot sleep)
Night terrors(children, tend to forget)
Cycle( studied by EEG, sleep deprivation)
Schools of Thought
Dualism(Thought =/= Matter; Thought + Matter)
Monolism(Matter=>Thought)