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1. The WORD as the central unit of language. The problem of word…
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4. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES, their types and means of realization in Modern English.
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The forms united into a grammatical category possess a common grammatical meaning that gives a name to the category.
a SYSTEM of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by
means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms.
A TWO-SIDED UNITY
a unity of form (i.e. material factor) and meaning (i.e. ideal factor) and constitutes a certain signemic system.
OPPOSITION
The paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms in a category are exposed by the so-called "grammatical oppositions".
Opposition elements
The correlated elements (members) of the opposition must possess two types of features: common features and differential features.
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6. Transposition, neutralization and reduction of oppositions.
NEUTRALIZATION
the reduction of the opposition to one of its members:
- custom :: customs – x :: customs; x :: spectacles.
the waters of the ocean, the sands of the desert
grammatical mechanism of figurativeness, or a grammatical metaphor
(граматичний механізм образності, або граматична метафора)
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TRANSPOSITION
the use of a linguistic unit in an unusual environment or in the function that is not characteristic of it (He is a lion).
In the sentence He is coming tomorrow the paradigmatic meaning of the CONTINUOUS form is reduced and a new meaning appears – that of a FUTURE action.
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REDUCTION
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the opposition in this case is contracted, losing its formal distinctive force
Colour :: colours
0 :: colours (flag)
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