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Gabriela Samson P:1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Gabriela Samson P:1 Skeletal System
Names of all the bones (anatomy term and common term/definition)
Lower limbs- femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
The Skull- made up of 22 bones: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones; there are also 3 bones in each middle ear.
Pelvic girdle- 2 hip bones
Frontal bone forms anterior part of skull, above the eyes.
Upper limbs- humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Parietal bones form the roof and sides of the skull
Pectoral girdle- clavicle and scapula
Occipital bone forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium
Thoracic cage- ribs and sternum
Sphenoid bone helps form the base of the cranium
Vertebral column
ethmoid bone is located in the front of the sphenoid bone
Hyoid bone- supports the tongue and aids in swallowing
Skull- cranium and facial bones
The maxillae form the upper jaw
The axial skeleton consists of the bony and cartilaginous parts that support the and protect the head, neck and trunk
Palatine bones are L-shaped bones located behind the maxillae
The skeleton can be organized into 2 major portions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
Zygomatic bones form the cheekbones and lateral walls of the orbits
Lacrimal bones form part of the medial walls of the orbits
Vomer bone makes up portion of the nasal septum
Nasal bones form the bridge of the nose
Inferior nasal conchae are fragile, scroll-shaped bones that support mucous membranes in the nasal cavity
Mandible, or lower jawbone, supports the lower teeth
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
rotation- movement of a part around an axis
Circumduction- movement of a part so its end follows a circular path.
plantar flexion- ankle movement that moves the foot father from the shin; points the toes.
Pronation- rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly.
Dorsiflexion- ankle movement that moves the foot father from the shin; points the toes.
Supination- rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly.
Adduction- moving a body part toward the midline.
Inversion- turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot medially.
Abduction- moving a body part away from the midline.
Eversion- turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot laterally.
Hyperextension- straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Protraction- moving a part of the body forward.
Lateral flexion- bending the head, neck, or truck to the side.
Retraction- moving a part of the body backward
Extension- straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them increases.
Elevation- raising a part of the body
Flexion- bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases.
Depression- lowering a part of the body
Bone remodeling
The broad, flat bones of the skull form as intramembranous bone
Some stem cells differentiate into osteoblast, bone-forming cells
Intramembranous bones develop from sheet-like layers of undifferentiated connective tissue.
Osteoblasts deposit a bony matrix around themselves in all directions, forming spongy bones.
Endochondral bones form from a hyaline cartilage model formation of bone from connective tissue is called ossification.
Once the osteoblasts have encased themselves with matrix, they are called osteocytes
Intramembranous bones originate within sheet-like layers of connective tissue.
endochondral bones develop as hyaline cartilage models shaped like the fracture bones; the cartilage is then replaced with bone tissue.
There are 2 methods of connective tissue replacement:
Cartilage id first broken down in the diaphysis, and progressively replaced with bone, while the periosteum develops on the outside.
Bones form by replacing existing connective tissues in the fetus.
The remodeling process is controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium levels.
A band of hyaline cartilage, the epiphyseal plate, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
Layers of cartilage cells undergoing mitosis make up the epiphyseal plate; this will be a growth area for the bone to increase in length.
Osteoclasts resorb and osteoblasts deposit bone throughout life, in a process called bone remodeling.
An average of 3% to 5% of bone calcium is exchanged each year
Anatomy of the long bone
The medullary cavity is lined with a thin layer of cells called the endosteum.
The medullary cavity is filled with a special type of connective tissue called bone marrow.
The diaphysis contains a hollow chamber called the medullary cavity.
A bone's shape makes its function possible
A tough layer of dense connective tissue, called the periosteum, covers the bone, and is continuous with ligaments and tendons.
Bony process (projections) provide attachment sites for tendons and ligaments, openings or grooves for blood vessels and nerves, and depressions for articulation (forming a joint with another bone).
The shaft of the bones is the diaphysis
Compact bone is a very tightly packed tissue, which makes up the wall of the diaphysis.
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the epiphyses
The epiphyses are filled with spongy (cancellous) bone, which reduces the weight of the skeleton
Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones are called epiphyses.
Spongy bone consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae.
Long- long with expanded ends; examples: arm and leg bones
Joints (and examples of each type)
Hinge- Convex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another.
Pivot- Cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bone and ligament.
Plane- Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved.
Condylar- Oval-shaped condyle of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another.
Ball-and-socket- Ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with cup-shaped cavity of another.
Saddle- Articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions; the surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another.
Synovial- Articulating ends of bones are surrounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membranes; ends of articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid.
Cartilaginous- Articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
Fibrous- Articulating bones are fattened together by a thin layer of dense connective tissue.
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
The basic microscopic unit of bone is an osteon (or Haversian system).
Each osteon consists of a lamellae of compact bone tissue that surrounds a central canal (haversian canal).
Osteons are roughly cylindrical structures that can measure several millimeters long and around 0.2 mm in diameter.
Bone fracture repair
Comminuted- The fracture breaks into multiple pieces.
Avulsion- A ligament or tendon pulls away from its attachment on the bone, and a fragment of bone breaks off with it.
Spiral- The fracture spirals around the bone
Impacted- The fracture occurs in the middle of a bone when it is driven into itself and buckles.
Oblique- The fracture occurs sloped down /up at an angle or curves
Fissure or hairline- An incomplete bone fracture; multiple small lines are often visible, but do not pass through the entire bone.
Transverse- The fracture occurs at an exact 90 horizontal angle.
Greenstick- The bone bends rather than breaks, much like a green tree branch.
Differences between male and female skeleton
Female pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped. The distances between the female ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater than in a male.
Female sacrum is wider, and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly than in a male.
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments. The female obturator foramina are triangular, whereas the male's are oval. The female acetabula are smaller and the public arch is wider than corresponding structures of a male.
Female coccyx is more movable than of a male.
Types of bones (and examples of each)
Sesamoid (round)bones- small,nodular bones that develop within a tendon;special type of short bone; example:patella
Flat- plate-like shape with broad surface; example: ribs, scapula, flattened skull bones
Short- almost equal in length and width; examples: bones of the wrist and ankles
Irregular- varied shape; example: vertebrae, some facial bones
Long- long with expanded ends; examples: arm and leg bones
Disorders/diseases
Osteosarcoma- Malignant bone tumor.
Osteomyelitis- An infection in the bone.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta- A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones.
Paget's Disease- Metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone.
Osteoarthritis- Protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down.