Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
crime - Coggle Diagram
crime
corporate crime
-
-
-
-
Pearce and Tombs define corporate crime as- any illegal act or omission is the result of deliberate decisions by a lefitmiate business organisation and that is intended to benfit the business.
Tombs argues that the difference between the types of offences is about who has the power to define an act as a crime that about how harmful it is.
-
types of corporate crime- financial crimes, crimes against consumers, crimes agaisnt employees, crimes against the environment, state corporate crimes
Carrabine et al note we entrust high status positions with our finance, health and sucurity and they cna abuse this trust
invisability of corporate crime- the media (limited coverage on coporate crime), lack of political will, the crimes are often complex, de-labelling, under-reporting
-
global crime
globalisation refers to the increasing interconnectedness of societies so that what happens in one locality is hspaed by distant events and vice versa
-
ex: drug/human trafficing, terrorism, money laundering, green crimes
Taylor argues that globalisation has led to chnages in patterns in crime. by giving free rein to market forces and created greater inequality in crime, more corporate crimes
-
state crime
-
Green and Ward define state crime as illegal or deviant activities prepetrated by or with state agencies
-
the state is the source of law- cna define what is criminal means they cna conceal its crimes and avoid punishment
-
punishments
zero tolerance policing- Wilson and Kellings key idea is that disorder and the absence of controls leads to crime, thier solution is to crack down on any disorder.
surveillance
is the monitoring of public behavipur for the purposes of population or crime control. information being used to stop people moving in uninfected areas
this data may be used for crime and disorder control and to control the behavipour of workers and consumers
-
-
-
social groups (CAGE)
class
social class appears differences in rates of offending, more likely to commit offences than higher social classes
functionalists- see law as a reflection of societies shared values, crime is a produce inadequate socialisation into societies shared culture. Miller argures the loweer class has developed an independant sunbculture with its own norms and values which affects mainstream views.
strain theroy- argues people engage in deviant behaviour when their opportunities to achieve legitamete ways a re blocked. Working class are more likely to be denied legitamte ways to ahcive success so they seek illegitamate one, Merton called thi innovation.
Cohen sees working class youths as culturally deprived, they have not socialised into mainstream cultures. thier fiaure to achieve then in eduation and lifre gies rise to status frustraion , then form a delinquent subculture. this explains why the working class appear more likely to commit non-utilitarian crime.
labelling theory- they reject the view that offical statistics are a useful resource. instead seek the supposes cuases of working class criminality, focus on how and why working class people are labelled as criminal.
-
gender
sociologists argue that the statistics underestimate the amount of females as against male offending becuase female crimes are less likley to be reported and they are less likely to be prosecuted
chivalry thesis
this argues that most criminal justice agents are men and men are socialised to act in a chivalrous way towards women
Pollak argues that men have a protective attitude towards women so the criminal jusice system is ore lenient with women so thier crimes end up less in the offcial statistics
-
fewer victims are female, more men
Messerschmidt argues that masculinity is a social construct or accomplishment and men have to constantly work at constructing and presenting it to others. argues different masculinities coexist within society
ethnicities
accoriding to offical statistics there are some significant ethnic differences in the likilhood of being invloved in the criminal justice system. black people are over represented.
-
-
-
-
racist victimisation- occurs when an indivudal is selected as a target becuase of thier race, ethnicity or religion