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PSYCHOLOGY MODULE, Screenshot 2023-10-27 162722 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - MEMORY STORES
        
        SHORT-TERM STORE: Information stays here for a short time
        
        LONG-TERM STORE: This is like your brain's big library. It's where you store important memories for a long time.
        
        SENSORY STORE: keeps information for a few seconds.
        
        DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) VS NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY (IMPLICIT): Declarative memory stores facts, events, and personal experiences that you can consciously recall and describe in words. It involves explicit knowledge that you can declare or put into words.
        
        SEMANTIC, his stores general knowledge about the world, such as facts, concepts, and vocabulary
        
        EPISODIC, his contains personal experiences and specific events from your life, like your first day of school or a memorable family vacation.
        
        Non-declarative memory stores information that influences your behavior, thoughts, or feelings without conscious awareness or the ability to easily express it in words. It involves knowledge that is difficult to declare or explain. (Learning to ride a bike)
        
        Primacy effect – remembering stuff at the beginning of the list
        Recency effect - remembering stuff at the end of the list
      - RETRIEVAL: This is like finding the picture or note when you need it. It's when you bring back the memory
      - STORAGE: This is like saving the picture or note so you can find it later. It's where your brain holds onto information.
      - ENCODINGThis is like putting information into your memory. It's like taking a picture or writing something down in your mind.
  - - - CLASSICAL CONDITIONING VS OPERANT CONDITIONING: on the other hand, operant conditioning is about learning through rewards and punishments. You do something, and depending on what happens next, you'll either want to do it again (if it's a good outcome) or avoid it (if it's a bad outcome). It's about learning from the consequences of your actions.
        
        LEARNING BY INSIGHT:
        Learning by insight is a cognitive process in which an individual suddenly and intuitively understands a problem or concept, often without a gradual or trial-and-error approach. It involves a "lightbulb moment" when the solution or understanding seems to come out of nowhere.
        
        OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: is a type of learning that occurs by observing and imitating the actions, behaviors, or outcomes of others. It involves acquiring new knowledge, skills, or behaviors by watching and paying attention to the actions and experiences of someone else, often a role model or peer.
  - - - GESTALT THEORY OF PERCEPTIONthe Gestalt theory of perception is a psychological principle that focuses on how our minds naturally organize sensory information into meaningful patterns and wholes. Instead of seeing things as a mere collection of isolated elements, the Gestalt theory highlights that we perceive the whole picture, which is often more than the sum of its individual parts.
  - - - THE CANNON- BARD THEORY OF EMOTION: says that emotional experiences and physiological reactions occur independently but simultaneously.
      - THE SCHACTER-SINGER THEORY: combines elements of both the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories. Emotions are therefore a combination of physiological responses and cognitive interpretation.
      - THE JAMPES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION: suggests that emotions are a result of physiological responses to external stimuli
- - - - EGO, adapts the ID to the reality. It protects the mind by means of defence mechanisms in case of unacceptable stimuli.
      - SUPEREGO, includes our morality, ideals acquired from parents and society.
      - ID, totally unconcious part of the personality, driven by pleasure and desire. requires immediate gratification without considering reality
      - DEFENSE MECHANISMS: Defense mechanisms are automatic responses to perceived psychological threats (such as anguish and negative emotions in general, sometimes related to trauma. they are activated at an unconscious level.
        
        SPLITTING: Splitting is a defense mechanism where a person sees things, or people, as all good or all bad, with no middle ground
        
        PROJECTION: Projection is when someone attributes their own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or qualities to someone else. For example, if a person is very angry but insists that everyone else is always angry at them, that's projection
- - - - NEUROMARKETING TOOLS:
        Neuromarketing tools are techniques and technologies that combine neuroscience, psychology, and marketing to better understand consumer behavior and preferences.
        Heat maps are visual representations that show where people focus their attention or gaze when viewing a particular image, website, or product. They use colors to highlight areas that receive the most attention
        Eye tracking involves monitoring and recording a person's eye movements as they view and interact with marketing materials
        Neuromarketing tools like heat maps and eye tracking provide valuable insights for marketers by revealing how consumers interact with their materials and what aspects are most engaging or appealing. These tools can help optimize marketing strategies and improve user experiences.
- - - - COGNITIVE DISSONANCE: . It explores the discomfort or tension that arises when an individual holds conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or values. The theory suggests that people are motivated to reduce this cognitive dissonance, which can be achieved in several ways, including changing beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. For example, you know smoking is bad for your health (belief 1), but you smoke (belief 2). This creates a state of cognitive dissonance – a mental discomfort caused by the inconsistency between the two beliefs.
        IN MARKETING: Marketers can leverage cognitive dissonance by reassuring customers that their purchase decision was the right one. This is often done through follow-up communication, such as thank-you notes, surveys, and providing additional value after the purchase.
        
        CONFORMITY: A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure.
        A classic study by Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of social conformity. Participants were asked to compare the length of lines, and when a majority of others in the group provided incorrect answers, many participants conformed and also gave incorrect responses to fit in with the group.
        : Conformity can be observed in various real-world situations, such as fashion trends, political opinions, peer pressure, and group behaviors ex if people look up we tend to look up in the streets
        WHY WE CONFORM? to fulfil other's expectations or to gain acceptance
        MARKETING; Marketers use social proof to encourage conformity. Social proof involves showing that many others have used and benefited from a product or service. For example, customer reviews, testimonials, and displaying the popularity of a product can influence potential buyers to conform to the crowd and make a purchase.
        
        PERSUASION: The processby which a message induces
        change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors
        MARKETING: Emotional advertisements, storytelling, and content aim to evoke specific emotions,. Establishing trust and credibility through endorsements by experts or well-known figures can be persuasive. Creating a sense of scarcity or exclusivity can be persuasive. Limited availability or access to certain products or services can persuade consumers to take action quickly to secure a unique opportunity.
      - ATTITUDE COMPONENTS:
        -COGNITION, self knoledge, beliefs and perception towards something
        -AFFECT, physiological respose
        -BEHAVIOUR, intentions
- - - - SELFISHNESS ASSUMPTION: People make choices to maximize their utility and personal gain
        
        SELF UTILITY MAXIMIZER: People know what they want and their priorities
        
        INDIVIDUALISTIC People act selfishly, seeking only
        their self interest
        
        ARE THESE STATEMENT ALWAYS TRUE?
        
        SUBOPTIMAL BEHAVIORS: refer to choices or actions that are not in an individual's best long-term interest, often due to cognitive biases or limited information processing.
        
        ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIORS: choices are driven by empathy, compassion, or a desire to contribute to the well-being of others
      - RATIONALITY ASSUMPTION :People are always rational and accordingly take decisions
        
        EXTERNAL RATIONALITY: is the concept that an individual's choices and decisions are considered rational or optimal to compute cost/benefits analyses
        
        ARE THESE STATEMENT ALWAYS TRUE?
        
        HEURISTICS: Heuristics are mental shortcuts or simplified decision-making strategies that individuals use to quickly arrive at judgments or decisions
        BIASES:patterns of thought that can lead to mistakes in decision-making
        
        FRAMING EFFECT (: The framing effect is a cognitive bias where people react differently to the same information presented in different ways )
        AND HYPERBOLIC DISCOUNT (Individuals may choose immediate gratification, like eating a dessert today, even when they know it's not in their long-term best interest because they discount the value of future rewards.)
        
        INTERNAL RATIONALITY: efers to the idea that an individual's choices and decisions are internally consistent and aligned with their own preferences and values
      - THE EMOTIONAL FINANCE: Emotional finance is a branch of finance that explores the role of emotions and psychological factors in financial decision-making and market behavior. It recognizes that emotions can significantly impact how individuals and market participants make financial choices
        
        SYMBOLIC ASSOCIATIONS OF MONEY
        
        FREEDOM
        
        POWER
        
        SECURITY
        
        LOVE
- - - - ORGANIZING AS MEANING MAKING: "Organizing as meaning-making" is a concept that highlights how individuals within organizations collectively construct and give meaning to their work environment. It emphasizes that the organization is not an objective entity but rather a social construct formed through the shared beliefs, values, and worldviews of its members.
        Enacted meanings encompass various elements within the organization, including the physical space, artifacts, symbols, stories, legitimate practices, and the language used. These elements collectively shape the organization's culture, identity, and the way people interact and work within it.
        EXAMPLES:
        Space Layout: The physical layout and design of the workspace, such as the arrangement of desks, offices, and common areas, can convey meanings and influence how people interact and work together.
        Artifacts refer to objects, tools, and materials within the organization. These physical items often carry symbolic meaning. For instance, the choice of artwork, furniture, or office decor
        Symbols are visual, verbal, or non-verbal representations that carry meaning. Logos, mission statements, and slogans
        Legitimated Practices: These are established routines, rituals, and behaviors that are considered acceptable and proper within the organization.
        
        INDIVIDUAL UNCONCIOUS INFLUENCE IN AN ORGANIZATION:
        elements like organizational artifacts, symbols, and stories influence individuals and groups within an organization, often at an unconscious level.
        In psychodynamics, particularly influenced by Sigmund Freud, there is a concept of the "iceberg model of the mind." It describes the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious aspects of the mind, with most mental processes occurring in the unconscious. Similarly, in the organizational context, the iceberg analogy illustrates that most of the cultural components (values, basic assumptions) are hidden beneath the surface and largely unconscious.
        At the deepest level are the basic assumptions that are largely unconscious. These are the fundamental beliefs and worldviews that drive the organization's culture. They influence how people perceive the nature of human relationships, appropriate activities, as well as concepts of time, space, and the environment. These assumptions often go unexamined and are deeply rooted in the organization's psyche.