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Mind Map of Educational Theories (Group 1), Disadvantages : Students need…
Mind Map of Educational Theories (Group 1)
Behaviourism
Focusses on the idea that all behaviours and actions are learnt through the environment.
States that innate/inherited behaviours have little impact on behaviour.
Key theorists: Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner.
Factors influencing learned behaviours:
Environmental stimuli
Note: presence of stimuli not required to exhibit associated behaviours. (e.g. the word exam and nervousness).
Presence of reinforcement.
Consequences of behaviour.
If outcome of behaviours are desired or undesired.
Limitations to theory:
Assumes that learner is not in control of learning.
Internal cognitive processes, such as motivations behind behaviour, are unaccounted for.
Considered outdated due to the differences current teaching styles possess compared to when theories were presented (pre 21st century).
If outcomes of behaviour are positive, more likely for behaviour to be adopted by learner.
Advantages to theory:
Explains some fundamental processes for learning such as learning from the outcomes of actions and reinforcement.
Providing adequate environment for students for repetitive knowledge and skill tasks will force learning to occur.
Incorporates the idea of reinforcement and repetition.
Articles
Raina, V., 2011. Between behaviourism and constructivism: Quality education in a multicultural context. Cultural studies, 25(1), pp.9-24.
Ramsay, J., 1993. The hybrid course: competences and behaviourism in higher education. Journal of further and higher education, 17(3), pp.70-89.
Clark, K.R., 2018. Learning theories: behaviorism. Radiologic technology, 90(2), pp.172-175.
Case, R. and Bereiter, C., 1984. From behaviourism to cognitive behaviourism to cognitive development: Steps in the evolution of instructional design. Instructional Science, 13, pp.141-158.
Links to other theories
Constructivism
Social Constructivism
Social Learning Theory
Cognitivism
Cognitivism
Key theorists: Piaget, Gagne
Understanding how human brain stores information elements into schema in the longterm memory will help us to find ways to mitigate the unnecessary cognitive loading ( extraneous cognitive load).
This links to cognitive learning theory. Human learning architecture is comprised of three sections. We have the sensory memory, working memory and long term memory.
Links to journal articles:
Link Title
Pros: Informing us about how to reduce extraneous loading so that working memory functions at its best
Constructivism
Brief overview: learners construct knowledge rather than just passively take in information. As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences, they build their own representations and incorporate new information into their pre-existing knowledge (schemas).
Key Theorists: John Dewey, Jean Piaget and Jerome Brune, Vygotsky
Advantages: Students generate knowledge from own experiences
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308084623_Constructivism_A_Paradigm_for_Teaching_and_Learning
Cons: Students need to have some foundational knowledge
Rosenshines principles
There are 10 key principles:
4) Provide models
5) Guide student practice
1) Daily review
2) Present new material using small steps
3) Ask questions
6) Check student understanding
7) Obtain high success rate
8) Provide scaffolds for difficult tasks
9) Independent practice
10) Weekly and monthly review
Advantages
Shown to have effectiveness
Most effective with mastering body of knowledge/skills which can be applied later
Disadvantages
Not applicable to all teaching/ learning scenarios
For example, principles are significantly less effective for creative thinking and solutions to unique problems.
Principles were derived from research in cognitive science, classroom research, and research on cognitive support for students learning complex tasks.
Rosenshine (2012). Principles of Instruction: Research-based Strategies that Teachers Should Know.
This is a revised version of Rosenshine's prior work involving 17 principles.
Principles for effective learning
Links to other theories
Cognitive load theory
Both incorporate practicing little and often
Articles
Sherrington, T., 2020. Rosenshine's principles in action. John Catt Educational.
Byrka, M., Cherevko, I., Yakubovska, N., Shorobura, I. and Kurish, N., 2022. How to empower online teaching: 12 principles for higher and postgraduate education.
Social Constructivism
Key theorists
Rogoff
Vygotsky
Bruner
Bandura
Social constructivism suggests that cognitive activity constructs knowledge through making meaning mediated by language. This primarily occurs through interpersonal interaction in social and cultural settings (mainly pairs and small groups) rather than solely within the individual.
Links to constructivism and social learning theory
Advantages
Relates to things like scaffolding, mentorship
Disadvantages
Does not consider ways of learning outside of linguistic-based interpersonal interaction.
Journal articles
Amineh, R.J. and Asl, H.D., 2015. Review of constructivism and social constructivism. Journal of social sciences, literature and languages, 1(1), pp.9-16.
Barak, M. (2016). Science Teacher Education in the Twenty-First Century: a Pedagogical Framework for Technology-Integrated Social Constructivism. Research in Science Education, 47(2), pp.283–303. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-015-9501-y
.
Cognitive Science
The multidisciplinary study of the mental processes involved in learning and understanding information.
Involves linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science/artificial intelligence, and anthropology.
Key theorists
Claxton
Bransford
Collins
Advantages
Informed by a wide range of disciplines.
Disadvantages
Doesn't delve into the social aspect of human thinking.
Links to behaviourism and cognitivism
Journals
Claxton, G. (2012). Turning thinking on its head: How bodies make up their minds. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 7(2), pp.78–84. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2012.03.004
.
Núñez, R., Allen, M., Gao, R., Miller Rigoli, C., Relaford-Doyle, J. and Semenuks, A. (2019). What happened to cognitive science? Nature Human Behaviour, [online] 3(8), pp.782–791. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0626-2
.
Connectivism
Overview
Learner is informed by technology
Key Theorists
Sieman
Downes
Advantages
Learner adds to their knowledge and fills in gaps
Humanism
Overview
Known as Positive Psychology
Learning should be creative, meaningful and connected
Unconditional Positive Regard
Developed by Stanley Standal in 1954
popularized by Carl Rogers in 1956
the concept of accepting and supporting people regardless of what they say typically used in counselling
Key Theorists
Freud
Erikson
Maslow
Rodgers
Jung
Adler
Advantages
this learning theory looks at developing students character
Helps students reach their potential
Disadvantages
doesn’t focus of academic work
Links to Journals
(
https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjep.12275
)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1797998
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pfi.21963?saml_referrer
Disadvantages : Students need to have foundational knowledge for this method to work
Links to constructivism with some differences