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Poetry - Coggle Diagram
Poetry
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Papa-T by Fred D'Aguiar
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Context and Overview
- British Gyanese poet
- 1960
- refers to a poem called 'the charge of the light brigade'
- colonization
- conflict of identity
- power of memory
Flag by John Agard
Context and Overview:
- flags symbolise
- identity
- alligence + affiliation
- division
- culture
- patriarchy
- questions the ideas of patriotism and nationalism that flags create and it how creates conflict
Stanza 1:
- 'brings a nation to its knees' - can be and act of devotion/worship Vs can be an act of surrender
- uses rhyme to show link between the flag 'fluttering in a breeze' can causal link to nations being forced to its knees
- 'nation to its knees' - aggressive alliteration, narrative tone sound frustrated
Stanza 2:
- 'makes the gut of men grow bold' - plosive alliteration, aggressive, inspires bravery Vs 'guts' is very graphic and gory, violence
- rhyme creates a cheerful tone to the gory image, sense of irony, second effect of making patriotism stand out more
Stanza 3:
- 'dares the coward to relent' - inspire courage Vs some people are forced to fight, immoral conflicts
Stanza 4:
- 'that will outlive the blood you bleed' - plosive alliteration, direct adress, leaving behind a legacy Vs mean dying and violence for nationalism
- rhyme scheme is almost lost, half rhyme links ideas in an uncomfortable/discordant way (wants reader to feel uncomfortable when they think about how patriotism can lead to death)
Stanza 5:
- 'just ask for a flag my friend. Then blind your conscience to the end.' - rhyming couplet, cheerful tone to create irony,
- rhyme scheme is lost/absence of rhyme scheme draws attention to Agards message (if you take nationalism to its extreme, you have to ignore what is morally right and wrong/conscience)
- 'blind your conscience' metaphor, destructive, psychopathic undertone
Across the poem:
- 'it's just a piece of cloth' repeated refrain, enjambment, undermines patriotism, contrasts the naive tone of the question
- hypothera is used to contrast the naivety of the questioner with the answer,
- didactic tone (intended to teach) encourages the reader to criticise the idea of a flag
- 'fluttering' 'unfurling' 'rising' 'flying' - progression of flag going up, positive connotations juxtaposed with last line
- stanzas 1-4 end in a way that uses the flag to question the ideas of patriotism and nationalism
- rhyme scheme and cheeriness gradually disappears
Structure:
- 1st line of each stanza is a question, 2nd line answers, hypothera
- 3rd line creates an ambiguous image of a flag, polysemic meaning
- 5 stanzas
- 3 lines in each stanza (triplets)
- rhyme scheme in 1st, 2nd and 3rd - link key ideas and create a cheerful tone
- consistent and formulaic structure
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Lament by Gillian Clarke
Context & overview:
- Elegy, form of expression or grief, usually a military tune
- About the gulf war between Iraq and Kuwait
- Britain and USA joined in and bombed Iraq
- All imagery created in the poem are from primary sources taken in the war
- 3rd person
- Lament connotations of grief, sorrow, sadness
- Explains why Clarke is grieving
Stanza 1:
- About a pregnant turtle trying to find safety to lay its eggs
- 'For' - anaphora, shows large scale of victims
- 'green turtle' & 'pulsing burden' - plosive alliteration, can't find safety in a war zone, harsh tone, constant threat, vunerable
- 'her eggs laid in the nest of sickness' - juxtaposition of life and death, habitat is plagued by war, creates sympathy
Stanza 2:
- About a dying (cormorant)bird covered in oil after an oil spill had leaked onto the sand and sea
- 'funeral silk' - metaphor, dying and covered in oil, mourning its own and others death
- 'veil of iridescence on the sand' juxtaposition of light and dark
- 'shadow on the sea' - sibilance, anger of narrator
- 'shadow' 'veil'- hidden imagery, consequences are forgotten or hidden
Stanza 3:
- Talks about the ocean, a refugee and the soldiers causing the war
- 'oceans lap' - personification, to show how the world is not immortal, like a person is
- 'mortal stain' - ocean is dying, but is treated as if it is immortal
- 'uniform of fire' - metaphor, creates polysemic meaning, people in explosion are victims but so are soldiers, soldier bring fire but kill themselves in doing so, suicide mission
Stanza 4
- Describing all the people affected by war
- the entire stanza is written in asyndetic listing
- all the people caught in war who have died (helpless and vunerale)
Stanza 5:
- Describing all the animals caught in war
- the entire stanza is written in asyndetic listing
- all of them are dead, we know because the title 'lament' shows the writer is grieving, which can only be done with a loss of something
- 'whale struck dumb by the missile's thunder' - polysemic metaphor, whale song has been silenced, voices + cries of the victims are silenced (death), violence + war can over power nature
Stanza 6:
- migration and refugees
- 'restless wader' - Gulls and birds migrating
- 'veiled sun' - metaphor for smoke blocking out the sun, sun is mourning
- 'stink of anger' - synaesthesia (experiencing senses in an unusual way), sensory language, shows narrators feeling
Stanza 7:
- after affects of war, apocalyptic
- 'burnt earth,' 'sun,' ' scalded ocean' 'blazing well' 'ashes of language' - fire imagery, apocalyptic
- 'ashes of language' - war has destroyed every part of human civilization
Structure:
- Progression throughout until climax in last stanza showing an apocalyptic society
- Illusion of zooming out
- 3 lines
- 7 stanzas
- All lines in punctuation
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