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neuro (under pros--> neuro--> patho), general neurophysiology, types…

- - - - CNS vs PNS
    - - sensory vs motor
    - - somatic vs visceral
  - - - group of neurons in CNS: nucleus/nuclei
      - group of neurons in the PNS: ganglion/ganglia
        
        ganglia: encapsulated colleciton of neuronal cell bodies located outside of the CNS
      - synapse: part where two neurons meet
    - - CNS
        
        brain
        
        different parts according to the
        
        lobes
        
        forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
        REFER BACK TO THE DOCS TO MMEMORISE THE PARTS
        
        cerebrum
        
        Ventricles/Cavities
        
        thalamus
        
        integrating centre for sensory, motor and cognitive
        
        its in the centre so its good for connecting people together
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Basal Ganglia
        
        Limbic system
        
        Amygdala
        
        prefrontal cortex
        
        Brainstem
        
        Corpus Callosum
        
        Cerebellum
        
        spinal cord
        
        white matter
        
        sensory (ascending)
        
        motor (descending)
        
        grey matter
        
        ventral horm
        
        lateral horn
        
        dorsal horn
      - PNS
        
        cranial nerves (12): nerves exiting from the brain
        
        spinal nerves (31): nerves exiting from the spine
        
        spinal cord
- - - - anterior
        
        modalities
        
        crude touch
        
        pressure
      - lateral
        
        modalities
        
        pain
        
        temperature
      - neuronal pathway
        1st order neuron (sensory dorsal root ganglion) —> 2nd order neuron (cross midline at dorsal horn neuron in spinal cord) —> 3rd order neuron (in the thalamus) —> sensory cortex
    - - modalities
        
        fine/discriminative touch
        
        Vibration
        
        Pressure
        
        Proprioception —> knowing your body parts in relation to space
      - neuronal pathway
        first order (dorsal root ganglion) —> 2nd order neuron (cross midline at the medulla obonglata) —> 3rd order neuron (thalamus) —> sensory cortex
    - - dorsal spinal cerebellar tract
        
        uncross (ipsilateral)
        
        Goes to the inferior cerebellar peduncle
        
        modalities
        Proprioception (subconscious) → from muscles, joints etc
        function
        
        Control muscle tone
        
        Regulate movements coordination
        
        pathway
        
        1st order neuron (dorsal root ganglion) → 2nd order neuron (spinal cord) (most of the neurons do not cross the midline) → cerebellum (stops here, does not go to the sensory cortex because it is subconscious)
      - ventral spinocerebellar tract
        
        Cross → contralateral
        
        Goes to superior cerebellar peduncle
    - - modalities
        Proprioception (subconscious) → from muscles, joints etc
      - function
        Receive sensation of pain and temperature from the head
      - pathway
        1st order: Trigeminal ganglion (in the PNS) →
        2nd order: sensory nucleus of V →
        3rd order: thalamus
- - - - lateral vestibulo-spinal tract
        
        From lateral vestibular nucleus
        
        Controls extensor (anti gravity) muscles → for tone and equilibrium
        
        For maintenance of posture and balance
      - Medial Vestibulo-spinal tract
        
        From medial vestibular nucleus
        
        For controlling correct position of head and neck
  - - - damage
        
        damage to LMN and axons
        
        hypotonia
        
        muscle atropy
        
        areflexia
        
        muscular fasciculations
        
        damage to UMN and axons
        
        Hypertonia/spasticity rigid paralysis
        
        Increased muscles stretch reflex
        
        Pathologic reflexes
      - signs
        
        long tract signs (means lesions for the whole pathway)
        
        Motor: upper motor neuron dysfunction → characterised by weakness, spasticity, increased tendon reflexes and babinski responses
        
        Sensory: sensory loss below the level of lesion
        
        Autonomic: means subconscious functions, but the most clinically useful ones are bladder control
        
        segmental signs (means lesions
        for a segment of the nerves)
        
        motor: weakness and atrophy in a myotomal pattern (means relating to a single portion of the spinal cord)
        
        sensory: sensory loss in dermatomal distribution
        
        reflexes: loss of tendon reflexes at the level of lesion
  - - - premotor cortex
      - supplementary motor area
- - - - pia mater
      - arachnoid mater
      - Dura mater
- - - - Amino acids
      - amines
      - peptides