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Physics - Coggle Diagram
Physics
Particle Physics
Detection
Proton Beam Dumps: a concise stream of protons sent in pulses, indirectly creating other particles to test.
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Neutrino Sources
Pion decay-at-rest neutrino source: Charged pions decay into muons and muon neutrinos, allowing a source to study neutrinos.
Spallation neutrino source: most intense neutrino sources made, sending ions into heavy metal to create the biggest reactions, only present in 6 national labs. Very expensive.
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CsI[Na]: sodium-doped cesium iodide. A crystal material that is not only strong but doesn’t get hot when used in high-energy experiments.
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Nested Mirrors: A series of mirrors that reflect the particle back and forth, slightly changing its path each time in an attempt to create an interaction.
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Pierre Auger Observatory: A large cosmic ray observatory in Argentina, used because of its high altitude, utilizing both water detectors and fluorescent detectors.
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FD: Fluorescence Detectors; Detectors using telescopes to check for excitation in atmospheric nitrogen; built to corroborate with SDs to ensure that the results were a cosmic ray and not a one off event.
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Telescope Array: Leading experiment measuring ultra-high energy cosmic rays; also uses SD and FD detectors in combination.
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Anisotropies: Differences in direction, in this case the direction at which the cosmic rays hit the atmosphere.
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PMTs: Photomultipliers; Where a photon hits a detector, creating a chain reaction that amplifies the signal to a readable level.
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Particles
Dark Matter
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CDM: Cold dark matter. It is a theoretical type of matter that only usually interacts with gravity because it doesn’t use the electromagnetic force.
WIMP: Weak Interacting Massive Particle. They primarily use the weak force when in contact with other matter. They can explain dark matter very well but it’s hard to detect them.
PBH: Primordial Black Holes; Early Universe black holes created right after the Big Bang that effect where mass spread out at the beginning.
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Glueballs: A particle composed solely of many gluons, elementary particles that are exchanged by quarks when they use the strong force. Because gluons are bosons (have integer spin) they can bind together, unlike fermions.
Spin: A state of a particle that is intrinsic to that particle, as in that particle will always have that spin. It can also only be specific values like ½ or 1. It is what prevents electrons from occupying the same state. It’s not conventional spin.
Interactions
Vector Mediator Coupling: process theorized where only some particles interact with dark matter, mediating the two
CEvNS: Coherent Elastic Neutrino Nucleus Scattering; when a neutrino and a nucleus of an atom interact the neutrino bounces far off in whereas the nucleus only bounces very little, acting like one particle
CCQE: charged-current quasielastic interaction - where protons and neutrons in a nucleus get interfered with to form a muon.
NSI(non-standard interactions): neutrino interactions that have results that defy what the standard model predicts.
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Baryogenesis: The early universe processes that made an asymmetry where there is more matter than antimatter.
Anti-neutron Decay: An anti-neutron becoming a antiproton, a positron and a neutrino
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Cosmic Rays: High energy particles that come from space, creating cascades of particle interactions once they interact with the atmosphere.
Extensive Air Showers: EAS; what they actually measure; recorded seperately from individual interactions because they happen over a longer time frame indicating it came as a combination of multiple interactions
Hadronic processes: the processes in the cosmic ray cascade that make the interactions escalate, specifically with protons and neutrons colliding in the atmosphere once hit by the cosmic ray.
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Cherenkov radiation: charged particles going through a substance at a speed faster than light could in that same subtrance.
Structure Formation: How galaxies, galaxy clusters, and other large scale patterns form.
λPBH cosmologies: Models that incorporate primordial black holes (really old ones) and dark energy as major factors in the composition of the universe.
Shapiro Delay: The observed time dilation around very massive objects even for things like light or electromagnetic waves.
Redshift: The increase in the wavelength of light coming from far away galaxies and stars because they are moving away from Earth.
Studies
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NNBAR Experiment: NNBAR: The upcoming experiment that might be used to describe/find neutron-antineutron decay.
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N-Body Simulations: Simulations of celestial objects and their distribution, simplifying the motion of objects to no measure every body individually and only measuring gravitational forces. It usually focuses on dark matter calculations.
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Models
RFG model: Model where fermions (e.g. protons, neutrons, electrons) do not interact with eachother often and act separate from eachother because their spins disallow them to be on top of eachother.
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CUBEP3M: Specialized program for simulating the development of very large structures in the universe. It is a subset of N-Body simulations.
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Structures
Halo: a very large scale cluster of matter, including stars and gasses surrounding galaxies