Morphology
study of word formation patterns
how should a word be determines? -> divide words into smaller unitys, seperate sentances in eahc small units

What is a word

dependent on the linguistic level analyzed (phonological, morphological,syntactic)

Words are in our lexicon -> speaker's mental dictionary, contains the information of words

Morpheme

  • smallest units of meanings
  • smallest indivisual meaningful parts of words
  1. morpheme - eye, bleed, book, eye
  • can connect other units to make another type of meaning of the word
  1. morphemes - book-end-s, act-iv-ate
  2. morphemes: re-act-iv-ate

Morphologiclally Complex -> words with more than one morphome
morphologically simple -> words with only one morpheme

every word has it's own meanings

Morphological Typology

How much complexity does it have in a word


Analytic -> isolating language so each morpheme is its own word


synthetic -> single sentence composed of multiple morphome

BASIC TYPES
Free Morpheme -> can be a word by itself
ex: eye, bleed, boo, act, the words that can stand alone as a word


Bound Morpheme -> must be attached to another element
ex: bleed-ing, book-s, act-ive... words that need to be attached to others

Lexical Internal Structure
-> parts of speech, gramattical categories

Defined by core meaning and functions
Nouns - people and things
verb - actions, sensations
adjectives - properties of nouns
adverbs - properties of verbs


Bound morpheme - tends to be affix


Root - premorphemes, morephemes that belong to lexical category and carry the major component of a word's meaning


(ex: Im-"POLITE" or "PEN"s)

Affix

Prefix: beginning of the word (ex: "IM"-Polite, "MIS" understand)

Suffex: at the end of the word (ex: pen"S", danc"ING")

Infix -> attatches within the root
"b"IN"ili ‘bought, k"IN"uha ‘got’"

Circumfix
-> attatches after before and after the root
"KA"bata"AN" ‘youth, "KA"gur"AN" ‘faculty’

Morphological tree structures
Bases: form to which an affix is added (also called stems)

Contrasting Derivation and Inflection

Derivation
->affixation that typically changes the meaning and/or
lexical category distinct from the base
ex: sell (V)  sell-er (N) or friend + ship

Inflection
-> affixation that does not involve any meaning or lexical category changes
ex: sell (V)  sell-s (V)

verbs (that expresses tense)

  • tense (cooks, baked), progressive (eating), particle (eaten)

nouns

  • plurality (books)m possessive (John's book)

Adjectives

  • comparative and superlatic forms (bigger, biggest)

OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA
Internal Change -> substitution of a non-morphemic segment for another to mark a grammatical contrast
ex: sing (present) sang (past), foot (singular) feet (plural


Supplentation ->replaces a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast *not in english
ex: German ist ‘is’ sind ‘are’


Reduplication -> repeating all parts of base it applies marking gramatical contrast


ex: takbo meaning run in tagalog, but they would say tatakbo for "willl run"

  • repeat some parts to show the plural or change of the words