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Numbers, figures, times and dates, 2.4 Time, 3.2 The S Genitive, We are…

- - - - 1st – the first
      - 2nd – the second
      - 3rd – the third
      - 4th – the fourth
      - -st with all "firsts" – the 21st , the 31st , the 101st etc.
      - -nd with all "seconds" – the 42nd , the 62nd , the 302nd etc.
      - -rd with all "thirds" – the 23rd , the 73rd , the 503rd etc.
      - -th with all other numbers.
        
        the 4th, the 6th
      - Ordinal numbers are of course used to express order but you also need to use them in fractions.
        
        2/3 – two thirds
        4/5 – four fifths
        
        Mike owns two fifths of the production company.
        More than two thirds of the tickets were sold in advance.
        
        However, there are two exceptions: half and quarter.
        
        ½ – one/a half
        
        ¼ – one quarter
        
        ¾ – three quarters
    - - five – the fifth
      - eight – the eighth (you only add -h)
      - nine – the ninth
      - twelve – the twelfth
      - twenty – twentieth; in all multiples of ten, the -y becomes -ie-
- - - - 6,800 – six thousand eight hundred; in AmE you can also say "sixty-eight hundred"
      - 17,553
      - 2,000,000
      - The City Arts Council allocated $42,000 to the restoration of the old theater building.
        Replacing the seats will cost £1,600 or more.
      - Remember to use a or one with these (also when you speak):
        
        100 – one hundred / a hundred
        
        1,000 – one/a thousand
        
        1,000,000 – one/a million
        
        One/A billion used to mean two different things in British and American English, but nowadays both use the originally American English figure: a thousand million or 1,000,000,000. However, in many countries a billion has 12 zeroes.
        
        ½ – one/a half
        
        1/3 – one/a third
        
        ¼ – one/a quarter
        
        Use the singular of the words dozen , hundred , thousand , million and billion when you have a numeral or a couple of / a few / several preceding them.
        
        Only a few dozen people have ever seen her paintings.
        
        The costumes alone will cost several thousand pounds.
        
        There were over nine hundred people singing as one choir that day!
        
        Numbers are usually written in the singular but the same words – dozen, hundred, thousand, million and billion – can be used in the plural when they are not modified by another number or expression like those mentioned above.
        
        Dozens of stolen paintings were discovered in an old warehouse.
        
        Hundreds of students applied to the art school again this year.
        
        That statue must be worth millions!
- - - - a.m. / A.M. / am / AM –
    - - p.m. / P.M. / pm / P
- - - - 6 March / 6th March – the sixth of March
        
        the 6 th of March, 2022
        
        6(th) March 2022 – the sixth of March two thousand and fourteen
    - - March 6 / March 6 th – March the sixth
        
        March 6(th), 2022
        
        March the sixth, 2022
- - - - A friend of Benjamin's in on tour in Australia.
      - That sonnet of Shakespeare's is often read at weddings.
      - Paul met two colleagues of his father's in the foyer before he went backstage.
- - - - You must remember to use the apostrophe (') in the S genitive.
        
        In the singular, you add 's to the noun.
        
        My friend's paintings are on display in the library.
        
        Dean's new camera is awesome.
        
        There will be a band playing at Chris's party.
        
        Charles Dickens's books are entertaining.
        
        Sometimes the s is left out in cases where the name ends with -s , e.g.
        
        Charles' = Charles's
        
        Dickens' = Dickens's
        
        You also add 's to irregular plural nouns.
        
        People's tastes change slowly.
        
        The children's faces were glowing when they were singing.
        
        All of the men's suits are ready but some of the women's dresses are still being sewn.
        
        However, you only add the apostrophe ' to regular plural nouns.
        
        The actors' costumes were impressive.
        
        Singular Possessive: If you're referring to something that belongs to one actor, you would use the singular possessive form, which is "actor's." For example: "The actor's role was challenging."
        
        When you're talking about something that belongs to multiple actors, you use the plural possessive form, which is "actors'." For example: "The actors' performances were outstanding."
        
        Which directors' movies were nominated for Oscars this year?
        
        That floor was hard on the dancers' feet.
        
        The story
        
        For example, you might see "dogs' leashes" used to indicate the leashes belonging to multiple dogs.
        
        clarify meaning or emphasize possession, especially in formal or legal contexts.
        
        Here are some common examples where you might encounter the use of the "s" genitive:
        
        4 more items...
        
        When something is owned by two people together, you add the 's only to the latter name.
        
        Ann and Jack's script was chosen. (= They had written the script together.)
        
        But if there are two owners of two entities,
        
        Ann's and Jack's scripts were chosen. (Both Ann and Jack wrote their own scripts.)
        
        you can have one S genitive follow another.
        
        Donna's mother's solo was praised.
        
        The band's fans' expectations were met.
        
        In this case, it's used to show a possessive relationship that involves multiple layers of possession:
        
        The band's: This indicates that the expectations relate to or belong to the band. It's the first layer of possession.
        
        1 more item...
        
        The choir members' spouses' seats were in the front rows.
        
        The S genitive is also used in some cases when talking about place and time.
        
        David's success is yesterday's news.
        
        Getting people to subscribe to newspapers is one of tomorrow's challenges.
        
        London's theatre scene is always exciting.
        
        New Zealand's best-known opera singer is Dame Kiri Te Kanawa.
        
        The S genitive is also used in some cases when talking about place and time.
        
        David's success is yesterday's news.
        
        Getting people to subscribe to newspapers is one of tomorrow's challenges.
        
        London's theatre scene is always exciting.
        
        New Zealand's best-known opera singer is Dame Kiri Te Kanawa.
        
        It is also used when talking about shops, offices or public buildings. In these cases, the word shop, office, etc. is usually left out.
        
        Please go to the grocer's and get us some snacks. (= grocer's shop)
        
        The assistant director is at the doctor's at the moment. (= the doctor's office)
        
        The backdrop was St. Paul's. (= St. Paul's Cathedral)
        
        The noun that the genitive refers to is often left out to avoid repetition if we know what we are talking about.
        
        That tall easel is Rick's. (= Rick's easel)
        
        The judges found Amanda's performance better than Maddie's . (= Maddie's performance)
        
        Many people like Monet's paintings more than Manet's . (= Monet's paintings)
  - - - The OF genitive is used when we talk about matters and things. The word order is different from that in the S genitive
        
        The last act of the play was impressive.
        
        The reviews of the critics were mostly encouraging.
        
        The pages of the book had coffee stains.
      - When you have an adjective to refer to a group of people.
        
        The problems of the famous are what the tabloids love.
        
        The tastes of the rich can be very ordinary.
        
        The novel tells about the plight of the poor.
      - It is also used instead of the S genitive when talking about people to avoid misunderstandings (especially in spoken language)
        
        The work of the other students was not as impressive.
        
        The other students' work (= several students) sounds the same as
        
        The other student's work (= one student)
        
        Her sister's house -> The house of her sister (to avoid confusion)
        
        Reason: "The house of her sister" might be used if "Her sister's house" could be misinterpreted as "Her sister's house" (owned by her sister).
        
        The story
        
        Mother's love vs. Love of mother:
        
        "Mother's love" could refer to the love a mother has for something or someone. On the other hand, "Love of mother" specifically denotes the love directed towards a mother.
        
        Company's office vs. Office of the company:
        
        "Company's office" might mean an office belonging to a company. "Office of the company" can also indicate an office related to the company, but it's less likely to be misunderstood.
        
        Doctor's appointment vs. Appointment of the doctor:
        
        "Doctor's appointment" usually means an appointment scheduled with a doctor. "Appointment of the doctor" could be interpreted as an appointment made by the doctor.
        
        Professor's lecture vs. Lecture of the professor:
        
        "Professor's lecture" often implies a lecture given by a professor. "Lecture of the professor" may mean a lecture about a professor, which can lead to confusion.
        
        Student's book vs. Book of the student:
        
        "Student's book" may refer to a book owned by a student. "Book of the student" is more likely to indicate a book related to the student, such as a book about or written by the student.
      - When talking about a group of some sort
        
        A large crowd of fans gathered outside the hotel.
        
        Tammy was taking photos of a flock of birds swimming in the pond.
        
        Six teams of architects submitted proposals for the new community center.
      - When talking about quantity
        
        There was a jug of milk on the table in the painting.
        
        Elizabeth bought two tubes of paint and a set of white frames.
        
        Someone spilled a cup of coffee on my copy of the manuscript.
      - When talking about places with the words town, city, village, state, kingdom, republic, island or isle with a proper noun
        
        How does the City of Atlanta support fine arts?
        
        The Manx triskelion is the symbol of the Isle of Man.
        
        Miss Marple comes from the quiet little village of St. Mary Mead.
        
        NB. Do not use of with the words river, lake and mount.
        
        The River Thames has been a source of inspiration for many.
        
        These photographs were taken on Lake Ontario last summer.
        
        Here you can see an oil painting of Mount Snowdon.