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4. The Noun-phrase (NP), The Verb-phrase (VP), Predicative phrases. -…

- - - - b) Postmodification that comprises all the units all the units placed after the head: students from Boston. Adjuncts used in post-head position are called post-posed adjuncts.
        
        NPs with post-posed may be classified according to the way of connection into
        
        Prepositionless
        The basic prepositionless NPs with post-posed adjuncts are:
        Nadj. – tea strong,
        NVen – the shape unknown,
        NVing – the girl smiling,
        ND – the man downstairs,
        NVinf – a book to read,
        NNum – room ten.
        
        Prepositional
        The pattern of basic prepositional NPs is
        N1 prep. N2.
        The most common preposition here is ‘of’ – a cup of tea, a man of courage. It may have quite different meanings
        
        qualitative - a woman of sense
        
        predicative – the pleasure of the company
        
        objective – the reading of the newspaper
        
        partitive – the roof of the house
      - c) Mixed modification that comprises all the units in both pre-head and post-head position: two smart hard-working students from Boston.
      - a) Premodification that comprises all the units placed before the head: two smart hard-working students. Adjuncts used in pre-head position are called pre-posed adjuncts
        
        In noun-phrases with pre-posed modifiers we generally find adjectives, pronouns, numerals, participles, gerunds, nouns, nouns in the genitive case (see the table). According to their position all pre-posed adjuncts may be divided into
        
        Adjectivals
        (are usually right before the noun-head)
        
        Pre-adjectivals
        (occupy the position before adjectivals)
        
        determiners
        (articles, possessive pronouns, quantifiers – the first, the last)
        
        limiters
        (to this group belong mostly particles): just, only, even, etc.)
        
        The grammatical relations observed in NPs with pre-posed adjuncts may convey the following meanings:
        
        1) subject-predicate relations: weather change;
        
        2) object relations: health service, women hater;
        
        3) adverbial relations: a) of time: morning star,
        b) place: world peace, country house,
        c) comparison: button eyes,
        d) purpose: tooth brush.
        
        It is important to remember that the noun-adjunct is usually marked by a stronger stress than the head.
        Of special interest is a kind of ‘grammatical idiom’ where the modifier is reinterpreted into the head: a devil of a man, an angel of a girl.
- - - - Nominal
        takes place when one or more nominal complements (nouns or pronouns) are obligatory for the realization of potential valency of the verb: to give smth. to smb., to phone smb., to hear smth.(smb.), etc.
      - Adverbial
        occurs when the verb takes one or more adverbial elements obligatory for the realization of its potential valency: He behaved well, I live …in Kyiv (here).
      - Mixed complementation
        both nominal and adverbial elements are obligatory: He put his hat on he table (nominal-adverbial).
    - - basic/simple
        (to take a book)
      - expanded
        (to read and translate the text, to read books and newspapers)
      - extended
        (to read an English book)
- - - - nominal element
        
        noun
        
        pronoun
      - non-finite form of the verb
        
        Gerundial word-groups
        
        Infinitive word-groups
        
        Participial word-groups