Ideology

Marxist

Functionalist

Feminist

Nationalist

Marxism sees society as divided into two opposed classes:

See gender inequality as the fundamental division in society and patriarchal ideology as playing a key role in legitimating it

A minority capitalist ruling class who owns the means of production and control the state

Different ideologies justify gender differences

Nationalism is a secular civil religion

And a majority working class who are propertyless and therefore forced to sell their labour to the capitalists.

Marks: ideas from science has been used to justify excluding women from education

Riling class ideology includes ideas and beliefs such as:

Integrates individuals into a larger societal groups and political units

That equality will never work because it goes against 'human nature'.

Modern society unwilling to believe in supernatural but are willing to see themselves as a part of a nation

Doctors, scientists and educationalists express the view that education females would lead to the creation of 'a new race of puny and unfeminine' females and 'disqualify women from their true vocation'

Victim blaming ideas about poverty, such as what bowles and gintis call 'the poor are dumb' theory of meritocracy: everyone has an equal chance in life,so the poor, must be poor because they are so stupid or lazy

Patriarchal ideologies that have been embodied in religious beliefs and practices have also been used to define women as inferior

Theres a wide range of religions of the idea that women are ritually impure or unclean, particularly because of childbirth and menstruation

Modern society contains different faiths so religion is a source of contention

Makes them feel larger than themselves

Not all elements of religious belief systems subordinate women

Racist ideas about the inferiority of ethnic minorities, which divide black and white working and make them easier to rule.

Eg: in hinduism goddesses have often been portrayed as creators of the universe

Gellner: Nationalism & Modernity

Marxism: nationalism as false consciousness

Functionalism: Nationalism as Civil Religion

Civil religion unites everyone into a homogenous group

Sees nationalism as false consciousness: its claim that nations have existed since time immemorial is untrue

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