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The Special Senses And Integrative Functions Of The Nervous System -…
The Special Senses And Integrative Functions Of The Nervous System
the means of mechanoreception for hearing and balance
Hearing:
Middle ear with auditory ossicles amplifies and transmits sound.
Inner ear's cochlea converts sound waves to electrical signals.
Hair cells along basilar membrane sensitive to sound and head movement.
Hair cells convert mechanical energy into electrical signals.
Signals relayed to the brain via auditory nerve.
Sound waves collected by outer ear.
Balance:
Relies on inner ear's vestibular system.
Includes semicircular canals and otolith organs.
Semicircular canals detect rotational acceleration.
Otolith organs sense linear acceleration.
Hair cells in these structures convert head movement into electrical signals.
Signals travel to the brain via vestibular nerve for balance and spatial orientation.
the supporting structures around the eye and describe the structure of the eyeball
Supporting Structures:
Cornea: Focuses light onto the retina.
Iris: Controls pupil size and light entry.
Eyelids: Protect, distribute tears, and regulate light.
Lens: Helps focus light on the retina.
Anterior Chamber: Filled with aqueous humor.
Posterior Chamber: Also contains aqueous humor.
Vitreous Humor: Jelly-like substance behind the lens.
Structure of the Eyeball:
Fibrous Layer: Outer layer with sclera and cornea.
Vascular Layer: Middle layer with choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
Inner Layer: Retina with photoreceptor cells, optic nerve to the brain.
the processes of phototransduction
In the retina, rods and cones detect light.
Rhodopsin changes shape when light hits it.
Activated rhodopsin activates transducin.
Transducin activates phosphodiesterase.
Phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP.
Reduced cGMP closes ion channels.
Closed channels hyperpolarize the cell.
Fewer neurotransmitters are sent to the brain.
Brain interprets this as the images you see.