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LU3 : AQUTIC BIOTOXINS \ ECOTOXICANTS - Coggle Diagram
LU3 : AQUTIC BIOTOXINS \ ECOTOXICANTS
Puffer Fish Toxins (PFP)
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) or puffer toxin
four large teeth that are used for cracking mollusks or other hard surfaces
binds to the Na+ channel, blocking the exchange of
Na+ ions in and out of the neuron
classified as a neurotoxin
Symptoms
Numbness in the mouth after 20mins from intake
After numbness, victim will begin to have headaches, nausea, and vomiting as well
The second stage of TTX involves paralysis
The final stages; the victim begins to have
convulsions due to irregular nerve signals
Causative species
Tetraodontiformers
Ostraciidae
Boxfishes, Cowfishes,
Trunkfishes
Ostracion cubicus, Ostracion meleagris, Ostracion nasus, Ostracion rhinorhynchus, Lactoria fornasini, Tetrosomus gibbosus, Tetrosomus reipublicae
Tetraodontidae
Pufferfishes, Toads
Arothron immaculatus, Arothron manilensis, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Lagocephalus inermis, Takifugu oblongus, Torquigener pallimaculatus
Diodontidae
Porcupinefishes
Cyclichthys spilostylus, Diodon holocanthus, Diodon hystrix
Other animals
Platyhelminthes, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Xanthidae crabs, Horseshoe crabs, Arrow worms, Goby, Newts, Frogs,
PFP cases in Malaysia
1985 : Puffer fish poisoning: Four case reports, Sabah
1987 : Nine fatal cases of puffer fish poisoning in Sabah
1997 : A Unique Case of Tetrodotoxin Poisoning, Terengganu
2008 : Two cases of food poisoning due to consumption
of puffer in Johor ( 2 dies)
2009 : Fishermen dies in Terengganu after eating puffer fish
2009 : Fishermen dies in Terengganu after eating puffer fish
Ciguatoxins (CFP)
term derived from marine snail, Cittarium
(Livona) pica, called cigua, in the Caribbean
nonfatal disease caused mainly by ingestion of a variety of fish associated with coral reefs
in tropical and subtropical regions
Sources of CTXs (ciguatoxins)
the dinoflagellate,
Gambierdiscus toxicus
G. toxicus
CFP arise from biotransformation in the fish of ciguatoxin-precursor gambiertoxins produced by
G.toxicus
(usually attach to dead coral)
CFP (vector fish) - Poisonous fish are generally associated with coral reefs
and are usually bottom dwellers, but may be pelagic
Toxin properties (ciguatoxins -CTXs)
lipid-soluble polyethers
Ciguatoxin (CTX) is a term proposed by Scheuer
(i) red snapper
Lutjanus bohar
(ii) moray eel
Gymnothorax javanicus
(in the liver)