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The Special Senses And Integrative Functions Of The Nervous System -…
The Special Senses And Integrative Functions Of The Nervous System
the major modalities of somatosensory information, and the corresponding pathways that convey each from the periphery to the primary somatosensory cortex
Tactile Sensation: Involves touch, pressure, and vibration sensed by mechanoreceptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints; transmitted via dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway.
Proprioception: Relates to body position and movement, detected by proprioceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints; information also travels through dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway.
Pain Sensation: Indicates discomfort, sensed by nociceptors in skin, muscles, and organs; pain and temperature data transmitted through spinothalamic pathway.
Temperature Sensation: Allows perception of hot and cold, picked up by thermoreceptors in skin; information also travels via the spinothalamic pathway.
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway:
Superhighway for touch and proprioception sensations.
Rapid and direct route for precise sensory information.
Facilitates fine touch and spatial awareness.
Spinothalamic Pathway:
Highway for pain and temperature signals.
Efficient route for conveying messages about discomfort.
Ensures a response to potential harm or discomfort.
which body regions and categories of information are the exteroceptive, proprioceptive, and enteroceptive divisions of the somatosensory system associated with
Exteroceptive Division:
Senses external stimuli.
Includes touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
Monitors the outside environment.
Proprioceptive Division:
Tracks body position and movement.
Involves muscles, tendons, and joints.
Detects muscle length, tension, and joint position.
Enteroceptive Division:
Focuses on internal body state.
Connected to internal organs and blood vessels.
Detects hunger, thirst, and fullness.
the structures responsible for the special senses of taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision
Taste:
Centered in the tongue.
Taste buds contain receptor cells.
Detects sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
Smell:
Rooted in the nose.
Olfactory receptors in nasal cavity.
Identifies a wide range of odors.
Hear:
nvolves the ear.
Outer ear collects sound.
Middle ear amplifies sound.
Cochlea in inner ear converts to electrical signals.
Allows us to hear sounds.
Balance:
Part of the ear.
Vestibular system in inner ear.
Monitors head position and movement.
Semicircular canals detect rotation.
Otolith organs sense linear movement.
Maintains body equilibrium.
Vision:
Facilitated by the eye.
Cornea and lens focus light on the retina.
Rods are for low light, cones for color.
Photoreceptors transform light to electrical signals.
Signals sent via optic nerve to the brain.
Brain processes signals into visual experiences.
how different tastes are transduced
Sweet:
Leads to cyclic AMP and protein kinase A production.
Causes taste cell depolarization.
Activates GPCRs in taste cells.
Sour:
Acidic compounds.
Changes in ion channels.
Increased H+ in taste neurons leads to depolarization.
Salty:
Provides Na+ ions that directly excite taste neurons.
Bitter:
Binds to GPCRs.
Activates gustducin and phosphodiesterase.
Lowers cyclic nucleotide concentrations.
Closes cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.
Umami:
Derived from amino acids.
Relies on GPCRs.
Excites specialized neurons.