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Industrial and Agricultural Changes-Stalin era - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 30 milllion Russians died in the war
      - more people had died in Leningrad than in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where the USA had dropped atomic bombs
        
        3 million citizens of Leningrad had died in this siege
    - - historians view
        
        A. Wood in 'Stalin and Stalinism'
        
        'Apart from the physical mutiliations, masses pf Soviet citizens were left psychologically scarred for life. Indeed, the shocking slaughter left a deep and irremovable trauma in the mind and soul of the Soviet people. The sheer scale of the human suffering and material destruction is unimaginable. Complete cities, towns, villages and settlements were oblietrated.'
    - - this caused enormous psychological for those who survived
      - 25 million had also been left homeless because of the destruction of towns and cities
      - millions of Soviet citizens died during the war
      - 90% of the city of Stalingrad had been destroyed
  - - - historians have wondered if Stalin was trying to use the war to spread communism and take over the large parts of the world
        
        he was successful at spreading communism to Eastern Europe
      - but at the Yalta Conference with Churchil and Roosevelt, Stalin allowed Britain to have control of Greece, even though communist were winning the civil war
      - Stalin also gave no help to the Chinese communists
    - - historians views
        
        Robert Service in A history of 20th Century Russia
        
        ' In practical terms, then, it was the attitude to the war taken by civilians and soldiers n Soviet-held territory that was the crucial components of the USSR's victory. They had quickly understood what was in store for them if Hitler were to win ... The regime, moreover, had the sense not to over-fill the press with eulogies to Stalin, Marxism-Leninism and the October Revolution
        
        Richard Pipes
        
        'The countries that survived [the war's] unprecedented tensions were those able to create governments of national unity in which state authority and politicians of all persuasion buried their differences and joined forces to work for victory, Such cooperation was simply not possible in Russia'
    - - the wartime conferences between Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister), Franklin Roosevelt (American President) and Josef Stalin solved wartime issues and sowed the seeds for ongoing conflict
      - Stalin played a key role
- - - - by 1993, at the end of the campaign, famine led to 1.3 million deaths in Kazakhistan and 1 million in Russia
        
        5.7 mill died across whole country during collectivisation years
      - yet the Communist Party now controlled the countryside
    - - Ukraine was a nation with rich farmland that was part of the SU
        
        lots of Ukrainians refused to join collective farms
      - the people who resisted were brutally oppressed
        
        Stalin wanted to smash Ukranian nationalism and culture
    - - because of this, collectivisation was paused in 1930
      - Stalin accused party officials of being overzealous (too forceful) in their attempts to force peasants to give up they produce (even though they were just following orders) - slowed down the collectivisation campaign
    - - Fitzpatrick 'Everyday Stalinism' (1999)
        
        Since [the Communist Party] believed that this revolutionary transformation was in the long- term interests of the people, they were willing to force it through, even when, as with collecticvisation, majority of the relevant population clearly opposed it. They explained popular resistance as a result of the backwardness, prejudices, and fears of the unenlightened masses'
    - - peasants frequently destroyed their crops to avoid handing it over to the communists
      - both poorer and richer peasant presented the government interference - not only kulaks who opposed change
      - were forced to work to government targets
      - profits after state demands were shared among the kolkhoz
    - - failures
        
        overall yields saw no significant increases during collectivisation, and only small amounts of grain could be sold overseas
        
        Russia's agricultural technology did not improve, the policy was hugely unpopular, and resulted in a huge loss of life
        
        food supplies to the cities remained poor because of the chaos in the countryside
      - Holodomor
        
        the starvation which happened in the Ukraine was known as 'Holodomor' - means 'extermination by hunger'
        
        Stalin refused foreign assisstance, and denied the famine existed
        
        Some historians have suggested that the death toll was as high as 3.3 million people
        
        by June 1933, 28,000 people were dying each day
      - successes
        
        grain which could sold abroad was used today for the 5YP's, which Stalin sold as an economic success
        
        each Machine Tractor Station had a secret police officer to control the area
        
        Stalin saw the policy as a political success because it meant he was now in control of the countryside
- - - - there was no concern for health and safety in the workplace, and industrial accidents resulted in many deaths
      - one day off work without good reason could lead to a worker losing their job - early ideas about equality of wages were abandoned
      - internal passports were introduced in 1932 to stop the free movement of people around the country
      - arrest and imprisonment could result from failing to prove a 'right' to be in a particular
    - - by contrast they lived in relative luxury
        
        this included access to special shops for consumer goods
        
        this created a new ruling class within a 'classless society'
      - although the quality of life for some workers improved, these elites had become more important than the workers
    - - within 1928-33, fruit & meat consumption went down in Leningrad
      - queuing for food was a daily experience in SU during the 1930s
      - housing and living standards were of low quality - many people lived in barracks or communal accommodation
    - - productivity was so poor that in 1939 the govt allowed peasant to sell produce from garden plots for a profit to incentivise them to produce more
      - peasants were not allowed to leave their farms, and also had internal passports
      - there was only basic housing, with outside toilets and no running water - there were rations in the countryside too, allowing Stalin to confiscate excess food to take to the cities
  - - - the first two 5YPs were completed each within 4 years
        
        this was a great success
      - the first focused on heavy industries, whilst the second looked to use resources more effeicently, and to provide consumer goods
    - - in reality, S had assistants to help him in his work and he had better equipment
        
        in practice, those who tried to copy him disrupted the smooth running of their factories in pursuit of personal gain
      - he was used by the SU as an example of Soviet worker
    - - the 1927 war scare (between Russia and European powers) caused concern about industry because Russia would have needed the industrial capacity to produce weapons in order to compete with the capitalist West
      - Stalin also believed that if the SU was going to survive as a major power, it needed to industrialise rapidly
    - - Stephen Kotkin (19990
        
        Stakhanovism was rife in the SU - 'Turning work into sport seems too have captured the imagination of an emerging soviet working class'
        
        one man said 'working at the blooming mill is a contagious disease' in reference to the addictive nature of meeting and exceeding targets
        
        the regime would try and raise productivity by making neighbouring factories compete
        
        by Dec 1936 more than half of the workers at Magnitogorsk were shock workers or Stakhnovites
    - - was the committee responsible for delivering the 5 year plans
      - it had existed since 1920 but now became more important
    - - he travelled the country and appeared on the cover of Time magazine in the west
      - he received two Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner
      - he was held up as an example to other workers, & became a national hero
      - Aleksey Stakhanov was the son of peasant from Ukraine
        
        there was a story that in Aug 1935 he managed to mine 102 tons of coal in under 6 hours - this was 14 times more than his quota
  - - - Karl Marx said that in a developed human society, countries would be industrialised and factories made efficient and productive
      - there would be a move towards urbanisation, and fear people would be needed to work the land
      - private property would be abolished and wealth would be redistributed to the poor
        
        collectivisation was part of this process
    - - under the NEP, more successful farmers could buy land from poorer ones and employ other people, was essentially a form of capitalism making it unpopular with politburo members like Stalin
      - ideologically, Stalin needed to get rid of the kulaks (wealthy peasants) who had benefitted from the NEP
      - moreover, his rival Bukharin supported the NEP, which gave Stalin even greater motivation to end the policy
    - - Stalin believed in Marxist principles
      - politically, Stalin wanted more control over the countryside
      - ideologically, Stalin did not like the idea of capitalism which he believe was supported by the NEP
        
        industrial workers felt that peasants were benefiting from the revolution in a way that they were not
    - - in farming, collectivisation was supposed to improve agriculture output. But it actually led to starvation for millions of Russians
        
        it was introduced because in theory:
        
        economically, selling excess grain abroad could be used for industrialisation
        
        Russia could then modernise their farming methods
        
        collectivisation would produce more grain to feed the industrial workers
    - - Lars T . Lit (1991)
        
        'Lenin would have been seriously offended by recent claims that he had been moved beyond Marx's definition of socialism [His] testament contains no critique war communism. The very concept is missing: Lenin continually refers to the five years since the revolution as a unit, with an occasional mention of the fact that intervention and hunger slowed down the pace of socialist construction. The source of all evils is the pre-Revolutionary past and the petit-bourgeois environment
  - - - production levels in industry increased dramatically from 1928-39
      - electricity supply and machinery production were key successes
      - workers gained more power and influence in the communist system, and workplaces became more organised
      - the Dnieper Dam and the Moscow Metro were built, serving as visual symbols of Russian engineering
    - - the first 5YP set entirely unrealistic goals
        
        330% expansion in heavy industry
        
        a 250% increase in overall industrial development
      - became harder to find a place to live, and targets grew higher and higher
      - outcome
        
        heavy industry grew enormously, and sparked the development of industrial cities like Magnitorsk
        
        unemployment virtually vanished = country was able to re-arm
        
        more industrial workers meant the popularity of the regime grew