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chemistry unit 1/ particles, liquid to solid- freezing, solid to liquid-…

- - - - If a molecule diffuses is lighter it will diffuse faster
    - - If there is a higher temperature the particles have more energy meaning they will be faster increasing the rate of diffusion
    - - Air particles colide with the particles that re diffusing meaning that the less air there is the faster the diffusion will be.
      - diffusion will be a lot faster in a vacume
- - - - diatomic elements
        
        elements which exsist as molecules with 2 atoms
        
        the 7 diatomic elements are
        
        chlorine
        
        bromine
        
        fluorine
        
        hydrogen
        
        oxygen
        
        iodine
        
        nitrogen
  - - - a compound is always made up of 2 or more different types of atoms, bonded together in a fixed ratio
        
        exp: water(h2o)
  - - - exp: carbon
  - - - they do not have fix ratios meaning they can't have formulas
        
        exp: sea water
- - - - neutrons
        
        neutrons stabilise an atom so it doesn't become unstable.
        
        mass of 1
        
        no charge
        
        if you add the number of protons and neutrons you wil get the mass of the atom
      - protons
        
        the number of protons changes the element he atom is, so the number of protons is called the atomic number.
        
        protons have a positive charge
        
        mass of 1
    - - electrons orbit the nucleous and have a negative charge to stablisie the positive charge of the proton.
        
        electrons have a negative charge
        
        the mass of an electron is almost 0
      - protons and electrons are allways the same amount in a stable atom
      - electrons can be gained or lost in a chemical reaction
  - - - each shell can hold a specific number of electrons
        
        2nd shell can hold 8 electrons
        
        3rd shell can hold 8 electrons
        
        1st shell can hold 2 electrons
        
        4th shell can hold 2 electrons
      - the period number is the number of electrons in the outer shell of the atom
      - electon shells are written in the form: 2-8-8-2.
        
        in a diagram the electrons will go in pairs and be drawn as x so it is more organized
  - - - exp: carbon. There is carbon 12(99% of natural carbon), carbon 13 (1% of all natural carbon) and carbon 14 ( much smaller amount than carbon 13)
    - - (mass isotope 1 x % isotope 1) + ( mass isotope 2 x % isotope 2) /100
        
        exp Ram of cholrine= (35 x 37)+ (37 x 25) / 100 = 35.5