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The notion of ‘strategy’ in linguistics. Politeness and other strategies…
The notion of ‘strategy’ in linguistics. Politeness and other strategies in discourse.
Notion of 'Strategy' in Linguistics
Definition:
A planned and purposeful approach used in communication to achieve specific goals.
Purpose:
Strategies are employed to influence, persuade, or manage communication effectively.
Politeness Strategies
Definition:
Strategies used to maintain politeness and social harmony in communication.
Types:
Positive Politeness:
Strategies that emphasize the positive face of interlocutors.
Examples: Compliments, expressions of interest, agreement.
Negative Politeness:
Strategies that respect the negative face of interlocutors.
Examples: Hedging, apologies, formality.
Off-Record Indirectness:
Strategies that use indirect language to convey a message.
Examples: Hinting, understatement, metaphors.
Other Strategies in Discourse
Rhetorical Strategies:
Approaches used to persuade or manipulate the audience.
Examples: Rhetorical questions, repetition, emotional appeals.
Argumentative Strategies:
Techniques to present and support arguments.
Examples: Providing evidence, refuting counterarguments, logical reasoning.
Narrative Strategies:
Approaches to construct and convey narratives effectively.
Examples: Flashbacks, foreshadowing, characterization.
Structural Strategies:
Techniques used to organize and structure discourse.
Examples: Listing, ordering, cause-effect relationships.
Pragmatic Strategies:
Approaches for effective communication.
Examples: Turn-taking, topic management, repair strategies.
Deceptive Strategies:
Techniques used to mislead or manipulate.
Examples: Evasion, ambiguity, false information.
Overlap and Interplay
Politeness and Rhetorical Strategies:
Politeness strategies can be used to soften persuasive communication.
Example: Using positive politeness to make a persuasive request.
Argumentative and Narrative Strategies:
Narratives may include arguments to convince or engage the audience.
Example: A story with a moral lesson.
Structural and Pragmatic Strategies:
Organizing discourse impacts how conversations flow.
Example: Using a question to change the topic.
Real-Life Applications
Politics:
Politicians use a combination of strategies to communicate effectively and persuade voters.
Advertising:
Advertisers employ rhetorical and persuasive strategies to promote products.
Education:
Teachers use various strategies to engage students and convey information effectively.
Challenges and Considerations
Cultural Variations:
Strategies may be interpreted differently in various cultural contexts.
Misinterpretation:
The success of a strategy depends on the audience's understanding.
Ethical Considerations:
Deceptive strategies can raise ethical concerns in communication.