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What We Have Learned in Unit 2 of Biology: - Coggle Diagram
What We Have Learned in Unit 2 of Biology:
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Enzymes
Enzyme
An enzyme is a biological catalyst which breaks down and puts together a certain substrate. However, an enzyme can only take in ONE type of substrate. For example, a sucrase enzyme takes in only sucrose and fructose, 2 different types of sugars.
CHNOPS
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. These are the most prominent and important elements in the body.
Monomers
A monomer is something that can be bonded to other monomers to make a polymer. An example of this would be an amino acid.
Polymers
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating parts. An example of this would be proteins.
Monosaccharides
A monosaccharide is the most simple form of sugar.
Disaccharides
A disaccharide is a form of sugar made up of exactly two monosaccharides. An example of this is sucrose.
Polysaccharides
A polysaccharide is a form of sugar made up of 3 or more monosaccharides. An example of this is carbohydrates, one of the most common forms of sugar.
Substrates
A substrate is what goes in an enzyme. The substrate is what is necessary for the body to take in to make necessary functions possible. For example, the 4 classifications of substrates are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Active site
The active site is the opening of the enzyme in which the sole function it is made for (like breaking down proteins) is done. For example, an enzyme that is made only for breaking down proteins will break down only proteins because the active site is shaped like a protein, and the charges and properties of the active site will attract the protein.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is the process of putting two hydrogen molecules and an oxygen molecule (Water) in between two molecules, breaking the bond between polymers to break down a substrate, or in other words, to create two or more monomers, depending on if the original polymer was a disaccharide or a polymer/polysaccharide. An example of this would be when an enzyme takes in a carbohydrate and breaks it down into many different simple sugars.
Dehydration Synthesis
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Dehydration synthesis is the process of taking out an oxygen molecule and two hydrogen molecules between two different monomers, and pushing them together to make a polymer. An example of this is when the body puts together a phosphate in the ADP molecule to create an ATP molecule.
Carbohydrates
These give quick energy to life, one of the 4 essential components to the body.
Proteins
These are what make up the bone structure and carry out most of the functions of our body, one of the 4 essential components to the body.
Lipids
These give waterproofing to cells and give cells their unique properties, one of the 4 essential components to the body.
Nucleic Acids
These are what make up DNA and RNA, one of the 4 essential components to the body.
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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic cells
Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells
Any cell that possesses or contains a well defined nucleus.
Nucleus
Holds the genetic information of the cell.
Membrane-bound Organelles
Organelles (only found in eukaryotic cells) that are surrounded by a membrane.
Cell Membrane
Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acids, which hold the genetic information for eukaryotic cells. Can self-replicate to rebuild when necessary.
Cytoplasm
The gelatinous liquid between the cell walls
Ribosomes
Responsible for making proteins.
Cell Walls
The exterior walls of the cell.