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Dana De Guzman Pd2 skeleton, Causes and risk factors:, Symptoms:,…

- - - - Hyoid Bone: supports tongue and aids in swallowing
        
        Vertebral column
        
        Thoracic cage: ribs and sternum
  - - - Upper limbs: humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
        
        pelvic girdle: 2 hip bones
        
        Lower limbs: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
  - - - Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
        
        Coccyx: tail bone, typically, 4 infused vertebrae
  - - - Sternum: munubrium, middle body, lower xiphoid process. articulates with clavicles.
- - - - Periosteum: tough layer of dense connective tissue
        
        Medullary: hollow chamber in diaphysis
        
        Endosteum: thin layer of cells lining the medullary cavity
        
        Bone marrow: a special type of connective tissue. Found inside medullary cavity
        
        Compact bone: tightly packed tissue, makes up diaphysis.
        
        Spongy bone: consists of many branching bone plates called the trabeculae
- - - - Central canal: cylindrical tubes in lamellae deposited around haversian canal. central canals contain blood vessels and nerves. Osteocytes pass nutrients and gases through matrix via tiny canals called caniculi.
- - - - osteoclasts: cells that break down calcified matrix of bones
- - - - Fissured fracture: incomplete longitudinal break
        
        comminuted fracture: complete break
        
        Transverse fracture: complete break. break is at a slight angle to the axis of the bone.
        
        oblique fracture: breaks at an angle
        
        Spiral fracture: break by excessive twisting of a bone
- - - - Diarthrotic: freely moveable
  - - - Synovial: articulating ends of bones are surrounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membranes
        
        Ball and socket: ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with cup-shaped cavity of another
        
        Condylar: oval-shaped condyle of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another
        
        Plane: articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
        
        Hinge: convex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another
        
        Pivot: cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bone and ligaments
        
        2 more items...
        
        flexion and extension
        
        Sliding or twisting
        
        Variety of movements in two planes, but no rotation
        
        Movements in all planes, including rotation
        
        Allow free movement
      - Limited movement, as when back is bent or twisted
- - - - Rotation: movement of a part around an axis
        
        Circumduction: movement of a part so its end follow a circular path
        
        Pronation: rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
        
        Supination: rotation of forearm s that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
        
        Inversion: turning the sole ofthe foot medially.
        
        Everstion: turning the sole of the foot laterally
        
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- - - - female obturator foramina are triangular
        
        the female acetubula are smaller and the pubic arch is wider
        
        pelvic cavity is wider, less-funnel shaped. the distance between the female ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater than in a male.
  - - - Pubic arch is smaller than the female's
- - - - Osteosarcoma: malignant bone tumor
        
        Osteomyelitis: infection in the bone
        
        Paget's Disease: metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
        
        Exact cause is unknown, hereditary, age over 40
        
        bone pain dependent on location, hip pain in pelvis, hearing loss
        
        medications, surgery, joint replacement
        
        From puncture infection, direct contamination, circularly disorder
        
        Chills, fever, swelling
        
        antibiotics, surgical drainage, amputation
        
        Age, heredity, possible linkage to flouridated water
        
        bone fracture, bone pain, swelling
        
        surgery, chemotheraphy, radiation
      - Congenital mutation, frequent fractures, easily bruised
        
        easily fractured bones, blue sclera, hearing loss
        
        uncurable, improved nutrition, bone marrow transplant
    - - Pain, tenderness, stiffness
        
        Over the counter medication, prescription, physical theraphy