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Screenshot 2023-12-06 at 4.15.35 PM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Technology comprises material objects that embody and mirror societal elements shaped to fulfill social, political, cultural, and existential needs.
        
        Advantages?
        
        Yes
        
        separates technology from society.
        
        It does not include technology as an element of society.
        
        views technology as embodying and reflecting knowledge, social norms, social structures, etc.
        
        integrates the concept of sociomaterial assemblage.
  - - - Automation
        
        Using technology to accomplish a task with minimal human intervention.
      - Simulation
        
        Creating and using tech that mirrors the human body or mind in a digital format.
      - Augmentation
        
        This indicates connecting the human body directly to digital tech with computational abilities.
- - - - The capacity of a technology to function autonomously in a certain setting
    - - ability of individuals to control, shape, and guide a technological system's activities.
    - - Complete separation of means and ends
    - - view that politics, culture, or social values actively affect or are shaped by technology.
  - - - Two Challenges
        
        intends to conduct important research at both the macro and micro levels.
        
        does not have a wholly dystopian or utopian viewpoint on technology.
      - Characteristics
        
        Rejection of technological
        determinism
        
        Rejection of social determinism
        
        Holistic approach
        
        Qualitative methods
  - - - The social context in which a technological product is employed may impact the purposes and values it can develop.
      - A technological product's potential applications and values may be influenced by the social context in which it is employed.
    - - The design of tools
      - The technological-societal relationship
      - Technical change
    - - Relevant Social Groups
        
        vital as they influence the interpretation of the artefact
      - Interpretive Flexibility
        
        There are several ways to utilise ool, and its relevance and meaning vary depending on the sociocultural setting.
      - Closure and Stabilization
        
        When the appropriate social group has come to an understanding of the purpose of the instrument, close the discussion.
        
        Stabilization happens when a very precise purpose is ascribed to the tool.
      - Wider Context
        
        Strong frameworks for analysing artefacts and appreciating their social significance are rules and values.
  - - - a hypothesis that contends that the development of society and culture is mostly driven by technology.
    - - the notion that technology use is solely shaped and determined by social considerations.
  - - - spaces of prescription
        
        These networks have a recognized central hub and operate reliably according to established standards.
      - Spaces of negations
        
        These networks involve ongoing renegotiation among various social actors.
  - - - describes how social characteristics within a group interact with systemic features to either reinforce or weaken a certain social activity.
    - - Conceptual ambiguity arises since the phrase is sometimes used in a number of contexts and only loosely defined.
      - A purely functional approach might promote technological determinism and cause academics to become blind to social context.
      - A person's definition of affordances may vary depending on their culture, community, stage of life, and other social contexts.
- - - - The Stone Age
        
        Hunter-Gatherer Society
        
        Gathering food via hunting or plants
        
        Nomadic tribes
        
        travelled from place to place according on the climate and food availability
        
        The first significant technical advancement were stone tools.
        
        Animal and plant domestication is seen as a technical innovation.
        
        Shift from hunter-gatherer society to a Neolithic period
        
        Sure! The period from around 9500 BCE marked a big leap in technology. It brought farming, settlements, and the use of metal tools.
        
        Agricultural revolution
        
        The transition from a Paleolithic diet to an era where food was grown began with the shift from hunter-gatherer to two distinct ways of life.
        
        Horticultural
        
        communities who used only simple tools to grow and care for food on a limited scale.
        
        Green revolution
        
        During the 1960s, research and development as well as technology transfer significantly boosted food production, particularly in industrialized nations.
        
        Pastoral
        
        idealistic pre-industrial society where people mainly interacted with those in their immediate community and close-knit groups.
      - Ancient Technology
        
        Romans .
        
        produced cement that could solidify in water
        
        Large-scale construction has significant social implications since it facilitated the emergence of new social groups.
        
        Using materials like stone, tile, and burnt brick, they were innovators in the realm of construction technique.
        
        Greek
        
        the use of science, or fundamental study, to examine social processes
        
        The perspective effect affected the way buildings were built.
        
        Smelting iron is one of the emerging technologies, along with the invention of the screw and the lever.
        
        Technology helped create complex administrative systems and enabled the concentration of people in cities. It also enhanced food production.
      - The Renaissance
        
        Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press
        
        enabling the ideas to be shared without going via existing institutional frameworks
        
        codifying language
        
        causing the information to become a commodity
        
        made items more affordable and accessible, enabling the establishment of libraries and other
        
        Changed the way texts were used
        
        changed how information was transmitted and received
        
        led to an increase in writing in the vernacular, promoted language standardisation, and improved homogeneity.
        
        New concepts in science, politics, and religion spread throughout Western Europe as a result of technological dispersion.
        
        Western Europe was prepared to adopt this technology and make effective use of it as an instrument for change.
      - Enlightenment and Revolution
        
        The publication of Denis Diderot’s Encyclopédie
        
        intended to function as an all-inclusive encyclopaedia of human knowledge
        
        encouraged mechanical arts
        
        which contrasts practical abilities and technical understanding with the seven traditional liberal arts.
        
        led to technological transfer
        
        the dissemination of scientific discoveries beyond national borders.
        
        helped alter how people in Europe saw technology in general and the role of craftspeople in particular.
        
        Enlightenment
        
        This movement questioned religious beliefs and promoted science to advance knowledge, valuing independent thinking over tradition and habit.
        
        French revolution
        
        showed how technology advancements and military goals and conflict are frequently closely related.
      - The Industrial Revolution
        
        Changes in industry, transportation, and technology significantly impacted socioeconomic situations as well as the production and distribution of commodities.
        
        advanced technology in three key industries
        
        textile
        
        steam and engine
        
        steel
        
        shifts in personnel, work procedures, and employee-employer interactions
        
        This was the time when automation was increasingly common.
        
        As automation replaced labour, humans started to damage the machines.
        
        connected significant shift in technological breakthroughs
        
        Third Industrial Revolution (digital revolution)
        
        20th century
        
        resulting from a slowdown of industrialization
        
        productions
        
        Z1 computer
        
        Super computer
        
        Fourth Industrial Revolution
        
        Integration of horizontal and vertical value chains together with digitalization
        
        Digitization of product and services
        
        Digital business models and customer access
        
        Produced
        
        3D computers
        
        smart factories
        
        predictive maintenance and more
      - Electronic Times
        
        Marshall McLuhan media scolar
        
        spoke about how our usage of the media affected the way we thought and saw the world.
        
        used probes
        
        Aphorisms are collections of thoughts intended to stimulate media criticism.
        
        "Medium is the message"
        
        a probe that illustrates the idea that people's interpretations of information are influenced by the media.
        
        medium, shaped how society engaged with information and affected the structure of society.
        
        Global Village
        
        Describe how technology media and communication have lowered spatial distances and made it easier to stay connected to people and activities throughout the world.
        
        Rear-view mirror approach
        
        A new social order emerges in the past and is not recognised until after it has occurred.
        
        Hot and Cold media
        
        The audience needs to put in less effort in absorbing and understanding hot types of media.
        
        Cold media formats don't need much in the way of audience processing or understanding.
      - The Information Society
        
        The smart phone
        
        commonplace in today's world and used for a variety of purposes
        
        considered essential to daily existence
        
        increased engagement with various activities, such as sharing, watching, and engaging with media of all kinds
        
        Since individuals spend a lot of time online, data never sleeps.
        
        Big Data
        
        create new opportunities for sociologists to employ non-intrusive, previously unheard-of-sized observations to study the social environment.
        
        Six characteristics
        
        Value: deeper understanding of society
        
        Virtue: big data used ethically.
        
        Veracity: the data's precision, dependability, and calibre.
        
        Velocity is the pace at which real-time data is produced.
        
        Variety: a broad range of multimodal data, including images, videos, audio, text, and geographical data.
        
        Volume: the vast volumes of information generated, gathered, saved, and examined.
        
        gives a summary of developments and trends, making event predictions
        
        facilitating politicians' creation of sound, data-driven policies
        
        Helps with predictive analysis
- - - - Technical arrangements as a form of social order
      - Inherently political technologies
  - - - made for upper white and middle classes to use reacreation, parkways and commuting
      - poor people an blacks who took transit were kept off this bridge
- - - - Gemeinschaft:
        
        In the context of "community," it refers to a united and cohesive social entity formed by a pre-existing bond.
      - Gesellschaft
        
        In the context of "society," these are loose connections formed through goal-oriented bonds.
    - - Community-lost
        
        Industrialization & urbanization has caused a decline in community
        
        Fewer opportunities to socialize
        
        Extensive work hours leave minimal time for other pursuits.
        
        Advanced transportation and communication modes encourage distant interactions, distancing individuals from their immediate surroundings.
        
        Turkle contrasts two key concepts
        
        Alone together" refers to individuals being together physically but absorbed in their own devices
        
        "togetherness" signifies people enjoying each other's company without distractions from technology.
        
        Turkle observes that being "alone together" has several negative effects on socialization and the upkeep of social relationships.
        
        It contrasts modern urban living with pastoral communities where homogeneous networks share common geography, identity, and belief systems.
        
        The pastoral community is often perceived as an ideal societal form of living.
      - community-saved
        
        Friendship and family networks persist as primary forms of social organization, even within highly industrialized societies.
        
        community us healthy and thriving
        
        Even amid social changes due to industrialization, urbanization, and modernization, some evidence supports the continuation of this kind of community
      - Community-liberated
        
        Community life remains but has undergone significant transformations.
        
        Communities persist in society but with expanded dimensions: people socialize beyond local neighborhoods and family connections.
        
        Cars, telephones, email, and social media all contribute to the formation of these modern social frameworks.
        
        The focus is on creating and sustaining expansive networks without limits.
      - Criticism of These
        Perspectives
        
        The "community-lost" viewpoint fails to acknowledge the social connections that develop beyond neighborhoods and family circles.
        
        The "community-saved" perspective overlooks the societal changes that emerged post-Industrial Revolution.
        
        Both perspectives overlook the social networks that form beyond geographic limitations.
    - - Wellman, Quan-Haase, Witte, and Hampton delineate three conflicting perspectives on the internet's impact on community.
        
        Utopian
        
        The internet
        
        Stimulates postive change
        
        Transcends geographical limits.
        
        Connects individuals regardless of temporal and spatial boundaries.
        
        Online communities are social groups that form in cyberspace through sustained public discussions, fostering personal relationships among individuals (Rheingold).)
        
        Dystopian
        
        The internet
        
        Pulls individuals away from their immediate local surroundings.
        
        Detaches citizens from social engagement and civic involvement.
        
        Negatively impacts the public sphere.
        
        Mobile devices actually foster connections and networking across various interests that might otherwise be difficult to access.
        
        Supplement
        
        The internet complements rather than substitutes other communication forms, seamlessly integrating into everyday life.
        
        Mediating factors
        
        The user's prior encounters with the Internet.
        
        The user's individual traits (gender, age, etc.).
        
        The presence of previous community structures.
        
        The existence of prior community frameworks.
        
        life events
  - - - Important when building a healthy community
      - In environments with high social capital, trust and reciprocity thrive, fostering a sense of mutual cooperation.
      - SSocial capital provides both private and public advantages, facilitating resource exchange through generalized reciprocity.
      - Study results in the internet era
        
        Evidence suggests that the Internet neither
        decreases nor increases social capital.
        
        Email reinforces and supports existing social networks.
        
        People who frequently visit and make phone calls also use email as a means of communication.
        
        The internet's capabilities complement and enhance interactions with other media rather than substituting them.
  - - - Social media and apps have simplified connections, enabling individuals to establish broader and more diverse networks, expanding their social structure.
  - - - The internet simplifies the expansion and upkeep of extensive networks.
      - Social media platforms enable users to forge strong connections and broaden their social and professional networks.
      - The internet fortifies and broadens the networks of socially engaged users
    - - Mechanical solidarity:
        
        Formed through shared understandings and collective consciousness.
        
        People no longer feel a strong allegiance to a singular group or network.
      - Organic solidarity
        
        Constructed from specialized social roles and multiple interconnected networks.
        
        Individuals usually create and sustain loosely connected personalized networks.
      - Wellman, Quas-Hasse and harper propose three types of connectivity
        
        Socially Connected Individuals
        
        Their digital media activity is concentrated, with less emphasis on making new connections.
        
        Digital media usage occurs within a restricted set of groups, interacting with the same individuals across various activities.
        
        Socially Limited Individuals
        
        Their networks are smaller and less diverse, with infrequent group participation and limited use of digital media.
        
        They approach digital media cautiously for meaningful and enjoyable communication, exhibiting hesitation in adopting new technologies.
        
        Networked Individuals
        
        They play diverse roles within extensive networks.
        
        They are open-minded about forming new connections, seeking to expand their networks for easier connectivity and to uphold both personal and professional relationships.
  - - - Three areas compose the bourgeois sphere of
        debate:
        
        Status
        
        In public discourse, all opinions must be heard, regardless of status.
        
        Domain of common concern
        
        Publicly discussed problems should not be limited to the agendas of powerful orgs, but rather should be relevant to a wider range of people.
        
        Inclusivity
        
        closed groups do not accurately reflect society at large.
    - - People can filter, customise, and personalise information thanks to technology.
      - Citizens are becoming more and more isolated due to the restricted viewpoints created by digital technology.
      - Digital technology, according to Sunstein, may result in less information being available to the public, forming a new type of society known as "Republic.com."
      - Habermas introduced the notion of the ideal
        speech situation
        
        Implied norms govern the discussion, giving everyone a fair and impartial chance to express their opinions.
        
        The absence of any form of compulsion that can affect participants' willingness to express an opinion is crucial.
      - Noelle-Neuman builds on the concept of the
        ideal speech situation
        
        Participants in the public arena are willing to voice their thoughts during the spiral of silence if they believe their beliefs align with the majority's.
    - - Third places provide neighbours a sense of belonging, encourage interaction, and help them form a sense of place.
      - Putman argues that because entertainment is increasingly consumed inside the confines of the house, digital technologies are driving people away from public spaces.
      - By offering alternative places, digital technologies appear to be bridging the void left by conventional third places.
      - The Internet as a media offers far more potential for public engagement.
  - - - Global-scale changes and processes.
      - Media convergence and blurring.
      - The commercialization of the media.
- - - - Eric A. Havelock
        
        Havelock's theory highlighted how the shift from two types of societies induced significant political, social, and cultural transformations.
        
        oral societies
        
        Non-literate societies that preserve culture, knowledge, and norms via oral means.
        
        literate societies
        
        Societies utilizing writing for information preservation, contrasting with oral societies relying on spoken communication.
      - • Walter J. Ong
        
        Distinguished between
        
        Primary orality
        
        Havelock coined a term for societies relying solely on oral communication to pass on knowledge, culture, and information.
        
        secondary orality
        
        Havelock coined a term for societies shifting from print to sound due to electronic media like radio and television.
        
        Post-typography
        
        A society that shifts from depending on print communication back to a strong reliance on spoken communication, or orality.
      - • Harold A. Innis
        
        concept of media bias
        
        The transformative influence of media on human affairs.
        
        distinguishes between
        
        time bias
        
        Innis referred to oral societies emphasizing community and metaphysics as "time-biased"
        
        In such societies, change happens slowly as culture, information, and knowledge are solely transmitted orally.
        
        space bias
        
        This emerges in literate societies and supports imperialism and commerce.
        
        Writing fosters a space bias by enabling the widespread distribution of ideas and information across great distances.
  - - - The first model solely permitted the transmission of sounds without distinguishing speech.
      - Claude S. Fischer (1992)
        
        For him, transformation happened via a mutual shaping process involving both the technology and social actors.
      - created different forms of social accessibility
        
        it allowed direct and immediate access to previously inaccessible individuals, like public figures.
      - Advancing technology and its evolving features grant greater control, empowering people to dictate how and by whom they can be reached.
      - It reshaped human interaction, blurring boundaries and altering our notions of privacy and social connections.
      - It served as a catalyst for continuous technological advancement, consistently pushing boundaries.
      - It reshaped our understanding of private and public spaces in the evolving landscape of communication.
  - - - Digital immigrants
        
        Arrived on the internet later in life and have generally been slower to adopt it.t
      - Digital natives
        
        Have a notably higher adoption rate, largely due to growing up with the Internet and being unfamiliar with the pre-internet era.
    - - Internet users have instant and continuous access to the online world wherever they are.
  - - - Higgins, the self can be divided into three core components:
        
        These three core components influence a person's behaviors and attitudes.
        
        The authentic self, defined by a person's attributes and characteristics.
        
        The ideal self, shaped by how a person wishes to be perceived.
        
        The "ought to be" self represents a person's moral expectations and standards for themselves.
      - The self encompasses a spectrum of information about an individual.
      - A user can generate an avatar portraying a different gender or age.
      - context collapse
        
        Context collapse is when various social roles and identities, which normally stay separate, come together.
      - Self-presentation is connected to...
        
        perceptions of popularity
        
        social desirability
        
        increases in social capital
      - Goffman
        
        backstage
        
        How individuals present themselves in private settings.
        
        frontstage
        
        The way someone expresses themselves publicly.
      - selfie cukture
        
        It enables people to emphasize specific aspects about themselves.
        
        People can convey and express themselves.
    - - Social media shapes distinct norms concerning how friendships are formed and sustained.
      - Boyd identified four features of social media that affect friendship formation
        
        Persistence
        
        Information posted on profiles and walls of social networking sites stays archived indefinitely and can be accessed later.
        
        Searchability
        
        This feature of digital data aids in locating information about others.
        
        Invisible audience:
        
        Identifying the post's recipient or reader is tricky, making it hard to tailor messages for specific audiences.
        
        Replicability
        
        This feature enables easy reposting or sharing of content across different platforms or conversations.
      - social comparison
        
        The self is assessed based on environmental information, particularly relying on peer opinions.
      - Feedback seeking
        
        Seeking peers to like and engage positively with digital content for affirmation.
    - - Interacting with potential romantic partners, whether getting to know them or parting ways, has changed significantly.
      - People vet potential romantic partners online, using platforms like Google or Tinder.
      - Romantic relationships can also start through active involvement in online communities or video games.
      - Online romantic relationships can distress individuals, leading to "ghosting" or cyberstalking.
    - - Using online platforms to mourn, commemorate, or offer support after the passing of a family member, friend, or colleague.
      - Carroll and Landry (2010) delineate four activities occurring on social networking sites post-loss
        
        Creation of a narrative:
        
        The initial step involves crafting a narrative of the deceased person's life.
        
        Posting of notes
        
        Brief, straightforward notes left on a person's wall to publicly convey emotions.
        
        Praising:
        
        Commend the deceased and spotlight their virtues, merits, and achievements.
        
        Connecting with the deceased
        
        Involves directly addressing the deceased, seeking their guidance, comfort, and understanding.
    - - Patchin & Hinduja, talk about four key elements the Cyberbullying Research Center has identified that make up cyberbullying
        
        Willfull
        
        The behaviors were intentional, not accidental.
        
        Harmful
        
        The target perceives that harm was inflicted upon them.
        
        Repeated
        
        This behavioral pattern developed over time rather than being a one-time occurrence.
        
        Electronic devices are involved
        
        A specific type of digital technology (such as mobile phones, apps, or email) was implicated.
      - Cyberbullies
        
        The perpetrators of cyberbullying aim to cause harm to others through their actions.
      - Cyber victims
        
        The targets of cyberbullies experience emotional, psychological, physical, mental, and virtual harm.
      - Cyber bystanders
        
        These are individuals who witness the cyberbullying incident, for instance, by seeing a harmful text, photo, or meme.
- - - - yes, why?
        
        As individuals in the digital age, it's essential to break away from digital media, step outside, and appreciate the tangible world rather than the perceived reality online.
        
        Getting trapped in this digital era can have severe consequences for mental health.
  - - - social media, print media, internet discussion boards, and even in casual talks
    - - Intentionally or inadvertently, everyone with access to social media platforms may aid in the dissemination of false information.
    - - Conspiracy theories, blatant lies, correct facts, and deceptive material are all mixed together in the information environment.
    - - The function of the traditional public space, which is essential to democratic society, is challenged by the profusion of false information.
    - - An informed public is essential in a democracy. Misinformation poses a threat to society by warping perceptions, affecting views, and perhaps causing important decisions to be made based on lies rather than the truth.
- - - - Zuboff asserts that human experience may be freely utilised as a source of raw material to translate behavioural data.
  - - - With the advent of industrialization, surveillance underwent a dramatic change.
      - Surveillance took two forms:
        
        internal component of production
        
        discipline
        
        Foucault sees discipline as both the method of wielding power over individuals and the tools used to enforce it.
      - Criticisms of this perspective stress its narrow focus two main weaknesses
        
        The notion that economic considerations drive all forms of monitoring is constricting.
        
        The capitalist perspective's second flaw is that it implies that monitoring is inherently bad, which represents an oversimplified understanding of social dynamics.
      - The study of surveillance as part of a capitalist system provides two advantages
        
        allows for an analysis based on political economic theory
        
        "Political economy" can mean analysis from Marxian theory or studies influenced by the Chicago school.
        
        "It enables a critical perspective to reveal systematic inequalities, critiquing dominant organizations and ideologies upholding this structure. (Lyon & Zureik
    - - a new way for society to function in which social conduct is not motivated by morality or tradition but rather by the desire to boost efficiency and bolster the capitalist system of production.
      - bureaucratization
        
        A social structure that enables institutions—public and private—to accomplish their objectives by putting laws, customs, and values into practise
      - rules are based on rational choice
        
        according too weber three factors play a key role in this shift
        
        . Knowledge
        
        intellectualization
        
        Understanding cause and effect and considering the pros and cons of different options are necessary for rational decision-making.
        
        Growing impersonality
        
        Individuals are objectified as a part of the rationalisation process, which reflects the severe work and life ethic of the Puritans.
        
        Enhanced contro
        
        innerworldly asceticism
        
        The Puritan attitude of self-discipline and self-control is the cause of this greater control.
      - Weber introduced the concept of the iron cage
        
        to analyse the ways in which institutions in society use power and control
        
        two sides to the iron cage
        
        When compared to authoritarian social structures, it makes social life more predictable.
        
        It can significantly impair human agency by limiting people's options and behaviours inside a fully institutionalised society.
      - Critiques point toward
        
        It over-focuses on technologies of rationalization
        
        It does not analyse the methods of control; rather, it merely analyses the social structure itself.
    - - Foucault viewed power as an integral aspect woven into all social relationships and systems.
      - Hierarchical observation is a means through which control is attained.
      - In modern societies, social control emerges as a key element.
  - - - explains how persons in positions of authority may influence people's conduct just by watching them.
    - - a structure that serves as a jail, giving authorities total control over the prisoners. It also refers to a whole social structure built on methods of monitoring and control.
    - - visibility of power
        
        The idea of intimidating others by prominently displaying power
      - unverifiability of power
        
        refers to the idea that it is impossible to know if you are being watched.
    - - The phrase used by Foucault to explain how monitoring might be applied to impose self-control.
  - - - future privacy concerns.
        
        long-lasting privacy issues that arise from the internet sharing of personal data.
      - immediate concerns
        
        Privacy concerns that surface soon when sensitive data is revealed online.
    - - social privacy
        
        protection of private information from acquaintances, relatives, and coworkers
      - institutional privacy
        
        safeguarding private data from businesses and organisations
    - - the activity of seeing other people's images, wall postings, and profiles on social media platforms like Facebook.
  - - - Functional View
        
        For societies to function efficiently, a degree of security and safety is essential.
      - Revolutionary View
        
        argues that technological advancements have drastically transformed surveillance, posing a threat to fundamental privacy rights.
      - Cultural View
        
        argues that information technology is fundamentally reshaping society.
      - Marx also suggests new surveillance
        
        The use of technological methods to gather and store personal data.
    - - functional perspective, one might argue that this surveillance form is harmless
      - evolutionary perspective a more critical stance might assert that the majority of Facebook users..
      - cultural perspective, one can argue that new laws and cultural norms are emerging to safeguard users against privacy risks.
    - - Enables citizens to request the removal of personal information from a search engine's results page.
  - - - Counter-surveillance is a method that is focused on taking action as well as a theoretical viewpoint.
      - two forms of counter-surveillance
        
        sousveillance
        
        the process of using portable devices, such smartphones, tablets, or wearable technology, to record events and activities.
        
        entails reflections
        
        a viewpoint that suggests confronting and challenging the widespread use of monitoring techniques in our contemporary society by that use technology as a mirror
        
        uses a metod called inquiry-in-performance
        
        two aims
        
        2 more items...
        
        privacy protection strategies.
        
        happens on a small scale, with individuals defending their privacy against any dangers.
        
        range of protection strategies
        
        restricting the sharing of personal information
        
        disregarding requests on social media
        
        limiting the availability of shared information
        
        using pseudonyms.
        
        we have learned that
        
        Users modify their disclosure for various social networking platforms and applications, for instance
        
        Users with varying degrees of digital proficiency share more information than users with less proficiency, and their approaches to protecting their privacy differ accordingly.
        
        Senior users employ caution when using digital media since they are frequently the focus of frauds.
        
        Publications concerning data breaches shape consumers' perceptions of their own information security requirements.
        
        digital citizen
        
        suggests that Internet users may influence data practises by speaking up in favour of their rights.
      - Grassroots movements
        
        the process by which a particular community uses group action to bring about change for a political or economic cause.
      - inverse surveillance
        
        techniques that fall under the umbrella of surveillance but emphasize the use of monitoring as an investigation of societal norms and expectations
      - Cop Watch organizations, or counter-surveillance tactics against police agencies, have become popular.
        
        Cop Watch groups aim to monitor police activities, raise awareness of police brutality against marginalised communities, and report instances of police wrongdoing and needless violence.
  - - - uploading details about my personal life, such as sexual relationships or simply taking and uploading selfies, is something I find uncomfortable.
    - - I don't because I have other ways to share my location and I want just specific individuals to be able to see it.
    - - The attention economy is crucial to surveillance capitalism's ability to collect more data.
      - By extension, the insights that surveillance capitalism provides are beneficial to the attention economy.
- - - - the study of the complex interlink between the technological
        and social
        
        Early ideas mainly saw technology as a material substance, neglecting its social dimensions in invention, implementation, and use.
      - The sociotechnical approach asserts that the social and technological realms are intricately interconnected.
      - It's the exploration of how social elements influence advancements in technology and science.
    - - change results inevitably from technological developments
        
        Social change refers to substantial shifts in organized social activities or the structure of a society, community, or social group.
        
        Within technologically driven social change, analysts often assume these shifts are negative, but it's crucial to note they can also yield positive outcomes.
    - - Technology and innovation are intricately linked with economics, influencing our comprehension of inequality and its implications.
        
        technological inequality generally occurs on three levels
        
        There's an increasing disparity between those engaged in innovation and those in the regular workforce, widening the gap.
        
        Society's divide between the affluent and less privileged often manifests in varying levels of technological proficiency.
        
        There's a global digital divide between nations leading in inventing, producing, and distributing new technology, and those falling behind in adopting and accessing it.
  - - - At the heart of the discussion about technology's impact on society is the argument concerning its neutrality.
        
        Technology is often seen as neutral because it doesn't inherently possess moral values or a predefined direction.
      - Sundström delineates three arguments that establish technology's potential neutrality regarding values
        
        Uncontextualized tool
        
        This argument posits that an object gains value only when assessed by a being that holds values, like a human.
        
        Tool as science
        
        The last argument contends that since technology emerges from science, which is inherently neutral, technology itself should be seen as value-neutral.
        
        Multiple uses of tools
        
        Sundström's first argument suggests that a technology's neutrality stems from its various potential uses, leaving humans to attribute value based on these possibilities.
      - As technology becomes more ingrained in modern life, the idea of technological neutrality faces growing critical examination.
    - - Viewing technology through the lens of destiny offers a powerful perspective on humanity's connection to the world.
      - Destiny is a central part of Heidegger’s inquiry
        
        Our interaction with technology isn't entirely predetermined; it's tied to human choice. Modern tech, however, hides its true nature, threatening our ability to make informed decisions freely.
      - Heidegger was concerned that humans might be reduced to mere objects manipulated by technology.
        
        Heidegger proposed a solution: rather than outright rejection, we should detach ourselves and deeply question technology's purpose and societal role.
        
        criticim
        
        Critics point toward two problems with Heidegger’s view.
        
        Initially, technology doesn't solely bring negative impacts to humanity; it's not consistently detrimental.
        
        secondly, that perceiving technology solely through a lens of faith overlooks human agency and oversimplifies its role.
      - Jonas divides technology into two distinct and separate sphere
        
        traditional technologies
        
        The technologies of the pre-industrial era were often characterized as static and passive, exerting minimal impact on the natural environment.
        
        Moder technologies
        
        These technologies significantly impact both nature and humanity, driving active processes and dynamic changes.
    - - It's deeply ingrained in Western culture and shapes how we perceive, utilize, and assess technology.
      - Baudrillard stated characterizes technologies as objects whose value is constructed based on our interpretation of their functional or symbolic significance.
        
        moral backwardness
        
        This concept is crucial in understanding how individuals often adopt a subordinate role concerning technology, not questioning the underlying nature of their social system.
        
        model of regressiveness.
        
        Baudrillard coins this as society's moral decline due to the distraction of technological progress, neglecting critical discourse on social inequalities and injustices linked to the production system.
        
        theory uses the term gizmo
        
        Baudrillard termed this as a technology devoid of significant purpose or function within society.
      - is a technological utopianism
        
        This belief regards technology as predominantly positive, capable of creating an ideal world by enhancing work conditions and lifestyles.
      - Viewing technology as progress prompts significant ethical, moral, political, and social inquiries to arise.,,
        
        Is technological change always necessary?
        
        Does technological advancement improve humanity?
        
        Are there unaccounted-for consequences of technology that are not always apparent?
        
        Does the technology as progress paradigm reflect capitalist notions of society?
  - - - energy generation and inequality,
        
        Energy-exporting country
        
        Countries like Canada, which generate more electrical energy than they use, are often termed as energy surplus nations.
        
        energy-importing countries
        
        Countries like Italy, which consume more energy than they produce, are often referred to as energy deficit nations.
        
        energy poverty
        
        refers to the absence of access to contemporary energy services.
      - Indigenous communities and their relation to energy production and consumption.
        
        Resisteting the Keystone XL pipeline
        
        There are First Nations communities against resource development, often using legal means to delay or stop such initiatives.
        
        Bains suggests that Indigenous communities could experience economic advantages from the development of oil and gas resources.
  - - - no easy answer to this
        
        setting boundaries and consciously moderating its use in our daily lives. is one way
    - - It stems from heavy reliance on technology, enabling rapid interactions and information flow regardless of distance or limits.
    - - iIt's termed information overload, hindering effective decision-making due to excessive information.
    - - In a networked society, we witness the convergence and clashes of different social spheres and roles.
    - - I would definitely use these technologies because they offer practical tools for managing stress and promoting a healthier lifestyle.
        
        why?
        
        Personally, I've found mindfulness apps immensely helpful in dealing with daily stressors and improving my focus.
        
        digital detox can create have been effective in creating a healthier balance between my online and offline life.
- - - - The notion was that Europeans had a duty to uplift less civilized native colonial populations.
  - - - Christian missionaries held strong religious views and traveled to the colonies in the hopes of converting people to Christianity.
        
        used the idea of Western scientific and technological dominance
    - - at the expense of the colonies itself
  - - - Examples encompass steamships, railways, telegraphs, along with military armaments such as rifles and machine guns, all pivotal for imperial control.
  - - - The Opium Wars, fueled by advanced steam-powered gunboats, empowered British control and sustained the opium trade with China.
      - Steam-powered ships were crucial for imperial expansion, enabling faster travel, reinforcement, and efficient supply distribution.
    - - In India, telegraph lines were established ahead of railways, underscoring their significance for administrative control and military alerts.
      - During the Indian Mutiny of 1857, rebels targeted telegraph lines, yet the British effectively deployed troops thanks to telegraph communications, aiding their swift response.
      - Telegraphs were pivotal for colonial governance, offering swift and dependable communication in distant regions.
    - - Railways opened up new territories, forged fresh communities, and standardized punctual clock time, crucial for transportation efficiency and military control.
      - Following the Indian Mutiny, there was a rapid expansion of railways, fostering commercial growth, creating markets, and providing significant military advantages.
      - Early railways stood as symbols of Western technological prowess, showcasing industrial progress and superiority.
  - - - Modern empires sustain influence using digital tools such as information technologies, data analytics, and communication platforms.
- - - - This hypothetical future is referred to as the point where artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence.
    - - This organization is dedicated to harnessing exponential technologies and their capacity to address worldwide issues and challenges.
    - - It refers to a forthcoming era where technological advancements will occur at an unprecedented pace, profoundly altering human life in irreversible ways.
  - - - What motivates investments in technology for immortality or transcendence concepts?
      - Can technology realistically achieve these aims, and do we have confidence in its potential?
      - What future technological investments are practical or recommended for these pursuits?
  - - - unaligned Goals of AI.
      - Unintended Consequences of AI's actions.
      - Risk of Loss of Control over superintelligent AI.
      - Paperclip Maximizer scenario as an example of an unfriendly AI.
  - - - What makes me excited ?
        
        otential to explore distant star systems and galaxies quickly
      - How does this technology work?
        
        Time warping, better rocket engines, using blackholes,
      - How does this technology effect
        people?
        
        Enables interstellar exploration, fostering a sense of wonder and expanding our understanding of humanity's role in the cosmos.
      - What might you be willing to
        sacrifice for this technology?
        
        sounds ignorant but probably people, as we need them to use this invention, to explore, also time, and money