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English Language: Paper 1 Section A - Individual Variation, Theories,…
English Language: Paper 1 Section A - Individual Variation
Spoken Language Features
Non-fluency features
Fillers
Pauses
False starts
Repairs
Hedges
Prosodic features
Tone
Rhythm
Pitch
Volume
Pace
Paralinguistic features
Hand gestures/movement
Deixsis
Verbal pointing
Gender
Women tend to use more tag questions
Men tend to interrupt more than women
Prestige
Covert prestige
Colloquial - play it down, Speak in a less formal, more colloquial/non standard way
Men are more likely to use covert prestige
Overt prestige
Over-speaking - Speaking up, Overly formal language e.g saying whom rather than who
Women are more likely to use overt prestige
MLU - Mean Length of Utterance
Grice's Maxims
Relevance
Everything said should be relevant to the conversation
Manner
Speakers should be clear concise and orderly in their expression
Quantity
A speaker should not say too much or not enough
Quality
Everything said should be truthful
Tends to be flouted
Adjacency pairs
Question+Response
Accent
Phonemic alphabet
Affects pronunciation of words
Phatic talk
Small talk
"Alright?" "Yeah, you?"
"Lovely weather for it"
Face theory
Positive face
Negative face
Face Threatening Act - Being rude
Assessment objectives
AO1
Linguistic Features/Frameworks
AO2
Analysis of the Linguistic features/Frameworks
AO3
Context factors/Concepts/Theories
AO4
Links/Compare/Contrast
Personal and Social Identity
How do people present themselves?
How do people try to present themselves?
Analyse and compare how the writers/speakers in Text A and Text B use language to convey their personal and social identity
Theories
Synthetic Personalisation
Power
Informalisation
Sharon Goodman
Accommodation theory
In a group, you adapt to how others speak
Convergence
Divergence
Haliday’s functions (7)
Face theory
Frameworks
Lexis
Words
Semantics
Meanings of words
Discourse
Graphology
Grammar
Pragmatics
Mode
Spoken
Scripted or Spontaneous
Written
Multi-modal
G.A.P
Audience
Purpose
Genre
Formality
Informal
Formal
Overly Formal
Sophisticated language used
Overt prestige used
Theories
Jean Aitchison
Labelling/packagaing/network building
Paul Baker
Construction of sexuality and gender through langugae
English Language Paper 1: Section B - Language Variation Through Time
Analyse the ways in which this type of text has changed through time
Time Periods
Middle English
1150 - 1450
Early Modern English
1450 - 1700
Late Modern English
1700 - present
Old English
400 - 1150