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Biology Assessment 1 Y10 - Cell Structures, Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes -…
Biology Assessment 1 Y10 - Cell Structures
Organelles
Mitochondria
Small, circular organelles
Provides chemical energy (ATP) for the cells
Site of aerobic respiration
Cell membrane
Jelly like substance around outside of cell
Controls what enters and exits the cell
Cytoplasm
Liquid of water, sugars, and other solutes
Site of chemical reactions
Supports cell structure
Cell wall
Barrier made of cellulose around outside of cell
Protects organelles
Provides structure
Permanent vacuole
Sac full of water, sugars, and other solutes
Provides structure and keeps cell turgid
Ribosomes
Small proteins scattered around the cell
Site of protein synthesis in the cell
Nucleus
Site of genetic material
Controls cell division and growth
Plant
Chloroplasts, permanent vacuole, and cell wall
Square shape
Animal
No permanent vacuole, cell wall, or chloroplasts
Round shape
Animal Vs. Plant Cells
Specialized Cells
Ovum
Cells which carry half of the genetic material of the patient and can be fertilized by sperm cells
Phloem
Sperm
Cells which fertilize egg cells and carry half of the genetic material of the patient
Root hair cells
Small cells surrounding the outside of a root branch, poking into the soil to maximize osmosis and provide structure to the plan
t
Nuerons
Cells which transmit electric and chemical signals through action potential in the body
Xylem
Dead cells which form a hollow tube in a plants roots for nutrients to travel through
What are specialized cells?
Cells which have adapted in several ways to maximize performance of a certain role in an organism
Undifferentiated Cells (Stem Cells)
Stem cell sources
Somatic
Peripheral blood cells
Bone marrow
Uses for SSCs
Treating blood cell conditions and disorders
Producing blood cells for patients with sickle cell anemia
Blastocysts (stage of embryonic development)
Uses for ESCs
Treating patients with degenerative conditions
Parkinson's
Alzheimer's
Treating CNS and PNS damage
Treating paralysis
Replenishing insulin producing cells in pancreas
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells which can become a specific type of cell to serve a specialized function
Organization
Cells: the building blocks of all tissue
Organelles: components of a cell which serve a specialized purpose
Tissue: a group of cells which serve the same purpose
Organs: a group of tissues which work together to serve the same purpose
Organ system: a group of different organs which similar functions working together serve the same purpose
Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes
Pathogens
Types of Pathogens
Protoctists
Viruses
Viruses enter the body and perforate the cell membrane, reproducing inside the cell until it explodes. Viruses can spread through airways and the bloodstream.
Examples
Covid 19
Influenza
Bacteria
Bacteria
Fungi
What are prokaryotes?
A unicellular organism
Characteristics:
Can reproduce at a rapid rate
Reproduce through binary fission
Contain protein filaments called flagella and pilli
Can exist as bacteria or archaea
Genetic material is not bound to the nucleus
No membrane encased organelles
One cell in the organism
Genetic material is stored in nucleoids and plasmids
What are eukaryotes?
A multicelllular organism
Characteristics
Millions of cells in one organism
Reproduce through mitosis
Can exist as plants and animals
Hold genetic material in the nucleus of the cell
Membrane encased organelles