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Skeletal- Anabel Ramirez Per 5. - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal- Anabel Ramirez Per 5.
Anatomy of Long Bone
Diaphysis- contains medeculluar cavity that hold yellow marrow
Distal epiphysis- contains compact bone
Proximal epiphysis- contains spongey bone
Bone Fracture Repair
Completeness of break
complete- broken all the way thru
incomplete- not broken all the way
Whether skin is penetrated
open (compound)- skin is penetrated
closed (simple)- skin is not penetrated
Position of Bone
-
Nondisplaced- ends retain normal position
Displaced- ends are out of normal alignment
Movements (Synovial Joints)
Gliding Movements
- one flat bone surface glides/slips over another similar surface
ex:
intercarpal & intertarsal joints
Angular Movements
- increase or decrease angle between 2 bones
Flexion
- decreases angle of joint
Extension
- increases angle of joint
Hyperextension
- movement beyond anatomical position
Circumduction
- movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed.
Adduction
- movement along frontal plane, toward midline
Abduction
- movement along frontal plate, away from midline
Rotation
- tuning of Bone around its own long axis
Lateral
- rotation away from midline
Medial
- rotation towards midline
Special Movements
rotation/direction of foot
Inversion
- soles face medially
eversion
- soles face laterally
flexion of foot
Plantar flexion
- pointing toes
Dorsiflexion
- bending upwards towards shin
movement in lateral plane
Protraction
- mandible juts out (underbite)
Retraction
- mandible is pulled towards neck (double-chin)
movement of mandible
Depression
- lowering of body part (opening jaw)
Elevation
- lifting body part superiorly (shrugging shoulders/closing jaw)
rotation of radius and ulna
supination
- palms face anteriorly
pronation
- palms face posteriorly
movement of thumb
opposition
- "ok" sign using fingers
Disorders/diseases
Osteomalacia
- Bones are poorly mineralized soft weak bones and painful
Rickets
- (osteomalacia- in children)- bowed or abnormally long legs/other deformities
Osteoporosis
- bone resportion exceeds deposit (bone mass declines)
spongey bone of neck and femur most harmed and vertebral & hip fractures are common
Paget's Disease
- causes bone to develope quickly but poorly (Pagetic bone) high ration spongey:compact bone
spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
Bone Names
Arms
Radius(lateral arm bone)
Ulna(medial arm bone)
Humerus(above elbow)
Hands
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Carpals
Torso
Scapula(armpit area)
Sternum(in between ribs)
Clavical(collar bone)
Thoracic(middle part of spine)
Ribs
Lumbar(beneath ribs)
Legs
Femur(thigh)
Patella(knee cap)
Tibia(bigger bone and lateral)
Fibula(smaller bone and medial)
Cranial (Head)
Nasal bone(in between eyes)
Zygomatic(cheek bones)
Temporal bone(near ears)
Maxilla(top mouth)
Partial bone(side of head)
Mandible(chin)
Frontal bone (forhead)
Cervical(neck)
Feet
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Phalanges
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Osteoblasts
- bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
- derived from same hematopoietic stem cells become marchrophages
Osteocytes
- mature bone cells in lacunae no longer divide, maintain bone matrix and act as strain/stress sensors
Bone-lining cells
- flat cells on bone surface believed to also maintain matrix
Osteogenic Cells
(aka asteoprogenitor cells)- mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum, when stimulated they turn into osteoblasts/bone-lining cells and some remain osteogenic stem cells
Differences between Male and Female Skeleton
Male (in pelvis) has a narrow opening and curves coccyx
Female (in pelvis)- larger opening, less curved coccyx and longer spine
Types of Bones
Irregular bone- complicated shapes (vertebrae and hips)
Short bone- cube-shaped bones
Flat bones- thin, flat, slightly curves (sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull bones)
Long Bone- longer than wide (limbs)
Axis-
Appendicular- limbs or hands/fingers
Atlas-
Axial- The long axis of the body (torso)
Bone Remodeling
Begins during callus formation and continues for months,
Compact bone is laid down, begins to reconstruct the shaft *walls, Final structure resembles the original structure
Joints
Functional
amphiarthroses- slightly movable joints
diarthroses- freely movable joints
synarthroses- immovable joints
Synovial
Fibrous joints
- bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity (immovable)
Sutures
- rigid, interlocking joints of skull that allows growth (synostoses: closed, immovable structure that protects the skull)
Syndesmoses
- bones connected by ligaments (fibrous tissue), the shorter the less movement, the longer the more
Gomphoses
- peg-in socket joints, fibrous connection is periodontal ligament
Cartilaginous Joints
- bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly movable
Synchondroses
- bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones (immovable)
Symphyses
- fibrocartilage unites in symphisis joints (slightly movable) ex: intervertebral joints and pubic symphisis
Synovial Joints
- (freely movable) bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, include almost all limb joints
Bursae- reduces friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, bones rub together
Tendon Sheaths- elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction