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Lucy Herrera Period 5 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Lucy Herrera
Period 5
Skeletal System
Name of all bones
Lower Limb (leg)
Patella
: Improves the extension capacity of the quadriceps muscle
Tibia
: It's function is to bear weight
Femur
: Holds weight of body when you move and stand
Fibula
: Provides support to the ankle joint
Hands
Lunate
: Shaping the wrist and maintaining its flexibility
Triquetral
: Motion in midcarpal amd radiocarpal joints in wrist
Scaphoid
: Provides bony structure to the hand and wrist
Pisiform
: Serves as an attachment for tendons and ligaments
Trapezium
: Plays a role in the movement and stability of the thumbs
Capitate
: Forms the third carpometacarpal joint
Hamate
: Connects the distal row of carpal bones with the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones
Metacarpals
: Accommodates the muscle, tendons, and nerves of the palm
Proximal Phalanges Fingers:
Flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
Intermediate Phalanges Fingers:
Allows the fingers to bend in two places
Distal Phalanges Fingers:
Supports the sensitive flesh of the fingertip
Upper Limb (arm)
Radius
: Permits the forearm and hand to pronate and supinate
Ulna:
Helps forearm and wrist move, flex and rotate
Humerus
: Allows are to move
Feet
Navicular
: Connects the ankle to lower bones in feet
Medial Cuneiform:
Articulation(joint movement)
Talus
: Supports weight and helps ankle move smoothly
Intermediate Cuneiform:
Articulates ( forms joints)
Calcaneus
: Acts as a short lever for the calf muscles
Lateral Cuneiform:
Forms the medial foot arch
Cuboid
: Provide stability of the foot and the movement of the toes
Metatarsal
: Forces absorption, support, and as a rigid lever
Proximal Phalanges Toes:
Allows toes to bend properly
Intermediate Phalanges Toes :
Assists the muscles in moving the toes when a person walks
Distal Phalanges Toes:
Provides a home for both the toenail and fleshy pad
Thoracic Cage
Sternum
: Protect the thoracic organs from trauma
Ribs (12):
Protect thoracic organs and also to aid respiration
Skull
Vomer bone
: Forms part of nasal septum
Sphenoid bone:
Forms the base of the cranium
Ethmoid bone:
Square bone at root of nose
Lacrimal bone:
Forms part of the eye socket
Zygomatic bone:
Protects eyes
Nasal bone:
Forms external surface of nose
Malleus bone:
Relays the vibrations of the incoming sound waves produced by the eardrum to the incus
Stapes bone:
Convey sound vibrations to the bones flat base
Incus bone:
Transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
Palatine bone:
The build of the three cavities with in the skull; oral, nasal, and orbitits cavity
Hyoid bone:
Attachment for the tongue and muscles
Disorders
Disorders
Osteoporosis
: A group of diseases in which bone resportion exceeds deposit, matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines.
Osteomalacia and Rickets:
Bones are poorly mineralized, osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited. Results in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long.
Osteoarthritis
: Protective cartilage at ends of bones wear down, common risk factors are old age, more common in females, and obesity.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta:
A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones, common risk factors are congenital mutations, frequently fractures, and deafness.
Osteomyelitis
: An infection in the bone, common risk factors are primarily staphylococcus, from puncture infection, and direct contamination.
Anatomy of the Long bone
Long bone structure:
All long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses) and membranes
Epipphyses
: Ends of long bones that consists of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
Membranes
: Two types: periosteum and endosteum. Periosteum: white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints. Endosteum: delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces
Diaphysis
:
Tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone. Consists of compact bone surrounding centeral medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults
Bone fracture repair
Common types of fractures
Spiral
: Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. Come in sports fracture.
Epiphyseal
: Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate. Tends to occur when cartilage cells are dying and
Calcification of the matrix is occuring.
Compression
: Bone is crushed. Common in porous bones ( osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall.
Depressed
: Broken bone portion is pressed inward. Typical of the skull fracture.
Comminuted
: Bone fragments into three or more pieces. Particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle.
Greenstick
: Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. Only ONE side of the shaft breaks; the other side BENDS. Common in children, whose bones have relatively
more organic matrix and are more flexible than
those of adults.
4 major types of bone fractures
Fibrocatilaginous callus:
Capillaries grow into hematoma, phagocytic cells clear debris, and fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone.
Hematoma Formation:
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called hematoma.
Bone remodeling:
Begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months, excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed, compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls, final structure resembles original structure.
Fracture classifications
Whether skin is penetrated:
Open(compound):
Skin is penetrated
Closed(simple):
Skin is not penetrated
Completeness of break
Complete
: Broken all the way through
Incomplete
: Not broken all the way through
Position of bone ends after fracture
Nondisplaced
: Ends retain normal position
Displaced
: Ends are out of normal alignment
Types of bones
Short bones:
Are cube-shaped bones that allow movement in the wrists and ankles that vary in size and number. They contain mostly spongy bone.
Example
: Carpals and tarsals in the wrists and ankles
Flat bone:
They are flat-shaped bones that have marrow but do not have bone marrow cavities. They are made up of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone
Example
: Sternum, scapulae, rubs, and most of the skull
Long bones:
Are bones that have a shaft (diaphysis) , bone ends (epiphyses) and membranes. Contains spongy and compact bone.
Example
: Limb bones such as the humerus and femur
Differences between female/male skeletons
Males skeletons:
Higher bones mass, higher density, and larger structure and length. Key difference is the pelvis, male pelvis is more narrow and the coccyx is pointed more inward towards the pelvis.
Females skeletons:
Lower bone mass, lower bone density, and smaller structure and length. The females pelvis is more opened and the coccyx is not as pointed towards the pelvis like the males because females have to give birth.
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Compact bone
: consists of: Osteon system, canals and canaliculi, and interstitial and circumferenntial lamella
Canals and Canaliculi:
Central (Haversian) canal
: Canal lined with endosteun that occurs at right angle to central canal. Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal.
Osteon (Hawersian system)
: The structural unit of compact bone, consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone, and it consists of several rings of bone matrix called lamellae.
Spongy bone
: Appears poorly organized but is actually organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress.No osteons are present, but trabeculae do certain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi
Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
: Bones united by cartilage
Synchondroses
: Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones, and also all are immovable.
Example: Cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum
Symphyses
: Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joints, Hyaline cartilage also present as articular cartilage on bony surfaces.
Example: Invertebral joints and pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints
: Bone seperated by fluid-filled joint cavity, all are diathrotic(freely movable), and it includes almost all limb joints
Characteristics of synovial joints
: Has six general features, bursae and tendon sheaths, stability, movement, and six different types.
Fibrous Joints
: Bones jointed by dense fibrous connective tissue
Syndesmoses
: Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue, fiber length varies, so movement varies, and short fibers offer little to no movement.
Example: Inferior tibiofibular joints
Gomphoses
: Peg-in-socket joints, and fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament.
Example: The socket that holds the tooth
Sutures
: Rigid interlocking joints of the skull, allow for growth during youth, and they contain short connective tissue fibers that allow for expansion.
Example: The suture lines on the skul
l
Movements allowed by Synovial joints
Pronation
: Palms face posterior
Dorsiflexion
: Bending foot toward shin
Supination
: Palms face anterior
Inversion
: Sole of foot faces medially
Circumduction
: Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in shape
Eversion
: Sole of foot faces laterally
Adduction
: Movement along frontal plane, towards the midline
Protraction
: Mandible pushed out towards anterior
Extension
: Increases the angle of the joint
Flexion
: Decreases the angle of the joint
Gliding
:Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
Retraction
: Mandible is pulled back towards the posterior
Elevation
: Lifting body part superior (the jaw upwards)
Bone remodeling
: Consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption. Occurs at surface of both periosteum and endosteum
Bone Resorption:
The function of osteoclasts. Dig depressions or grooves as they break down matrix, secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix, and acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
Bone deposit:
New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts