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Celtic borrowings, Italian borrowings…
Celtic borrowings
bald
bard
druid
down
cradle
glen
Italian borrowings
words from the sphere of art, (music, theatre, literature, architecture): aria, baritone, concert, opera, piano, violin, sonata, tempo, scenario, fresco, studio, novel, balcony, arcade, corridor, villa.
military terms: alarm, cartridge, captain, colonel, pistol,campaign, brave, ambush, attack;
names of food: ravioli, spaghetti, macaroni, pizza, chianti.
festive terms: confetti, costume, masquerade, carnival, carrousel, tarantella;
religious terms (Madonna, nuncio, cardinal);
words denoting aspects of crime: charlatan, ruffian, bandit, assassin, contraband, mafia
banking terms: cash, debit, credit, deposit, bank, bankrupt;
Latin borrowings
the third layer
abstract
meaning and scientific character: accent, idea, effect, fate, history, memory, to adopt, to celebrate, todescribe, to collect, to decorate, absent, accurate, direct, equal, fatal, future, humane, literary, neutral, solar, etc.
the first layer
names of food (wine, butter, cheese, pepper, pear, plum, etc.)
civil and military constructions (mill,
street, camp, port)
words, naming objects of material culture such as household articles (kitchen, kettle, cup, dish)
measures (pound, inch)
the second layer
education: school (Gk),
verse, master, circle, grammatical, meter, etc
words connected with religion: abbot, altar, angel, anthem, candle, canon, deacon, devil, martyr, mass, nun, pope, priest, psalm, rule, shrine, temple
French borrowings
the second layer
dialect of the French language which preserved the peculiarities of their pronunciation and spelling: machine, bourgeois, ballet, naive, fatigue, grotesque
commercial terms (capital, manufacture)
political terms (capitalism,
regime, police)
military terms (blockade, corp, marine)
terms of
literature and art (critique, miniature, memoir)
the first layer
religious terms:religion, clergy, paradise, prayer, saint, sacrifice, vice, virtue, preach
administrative terms: state, government, parliament, nation, reign, country, power, authority
legal terms: court, judge, justice, defendant, crime, penalty, prison, accuse, marry, marriage
military terms: army, war, battle, officer, enemy
educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, pen, pencil
terms of art, architecture and literature: art, literature,
architecture, poet, prose, story, to paint
words denoting pleasures: pleasure, joy, delight, comfort, flower,
leisure, sport, cards
words denoting food and ways of cooking: beef, mutton, veal, pork, bacon, sausage, biscuit, cream, sugar, fruit, grape, orange, peach, pastry, tart, jelly, mustard, vinegar, soup, boil, fry, roast, stew, dinner, suppe