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Prosocial behavior, Why do ppl (not) help others?, What is the bystander…
Prosocial behavior
origin
biological perspective
mutualism
cooperative behavior benefits the cooperator as well as others
kin selection
help is aimed towards family members in order to help spread one’s genes
social perpsective
learning to help
giving instructions by the parent
modelling
conditioning
helping behavior
Acts that intentionally benefit someone else
= intentional acts designed to benefit another person that are positively valued by society
Why do ppl (not) help others?
bystander-calculus model
bystander calculates and compares the perceived costs and benefits of helping vs not helping
three steps
physiological arousal
label the arousal as an emotion
evaluate the consequences of helping
empathy costs of not helping
personal costs of not helping
attribution
internalizing being helpful -> helping
attributing the victim's situation to the victim -> not helping
personal factors
mood
good mood -> helpfulness
bad mood (self-concern) -> reduce in helpfulness
personal attributes promoting prosocial
physically strong
leader
secure attachment
forgiveness
feeling competent
empathy
= ability to feel another person's experiences
prosocial behavior tries to reduce the distress/arousal we feel when we see someone in need
norms
reciprocity norm
social responsibility norm
motives
egoism
altruism
collectivism
principlism
What is the bystander effect?
Latané and Darley's cognitive model
notice
define event as emergency
assume responsibility
decide what can be done
=> give help
why the bystander effect?
diffusion of responsibility
fear of social blunders
social influence
degree of communication increases helping decreases