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Amanda Montanez Period 5 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Amanda Montanez Period 5
Skeletal System
anatomy of long bone
epiphysis (proximal & distal): bone ends
joint surface covered by articular cartilage
outside layer of compact bone + spongy bone inside
epiphyseal line (remnant of epiphyseal plate from youth) divide epiphysis and diaphysis
diaphysis: bone shaft
external surface of compact bone covered by
periosteum
endosteum
lines medullary cavity which contains yellow bone marrow surrounded by spongy bone (also contains red marrow)
movements allowed by synovial joints
abduction
moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
adduction
moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane
extension
increasing the angle between two bones
circumduction
moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones
medial rotation
rotating toward the median plane
gliding
sliding the flat surfaces of two bones
lateral rotation
rotating away from the median plane
joints
synarthroses (immovable)
amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
diarthroses (freely movable)
synovial types
nonaxial
plane joint
uniaxial
hinge
pivot
biaxial
condylar
saddle
multiaxial
ball-and-socket
fibrous
adjoining bones united by collagen fibers
suture (short fibers)
synarthrosis
syndesmosis (long fibers)
amphiarthrosis
+
synarthrosis
gomphosis (periodontal ligament)
synarthrosis
cartilaginous
adjoining bones united by cartilage
synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
synarthrosis
symphysis (fibrocartilage)
amphiarthrosis
synovial
adjoining bones covered w articular cartilage, separated by a joint cavity, enclosed within articular capsule lined w synovial membrane
diarthrosis
disorders/diseases
osteomalacia
(adult)
poorly mineralized bones
osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited
result
soft, weak bones; pain upon bearing weight
rickets
(children)
insufficient dietary calcium / vit D deficiency
result
bowed legs and axial bone deformities
Paget's disease
excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption
result
bones grow fast and develop poorly
osteoporosis
most common in postmenopausal women (decreased estrogen)
result
bones become weak and break easily
microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
bone tissue
osteoprogenitor: stem cell
osteoblasts: bone-forming cells
osteocytes: mature bone cells found in lacunae
osteoclasts: break down bone (resorption)
compact bone
osteon
(Haversian system): structural unit of compact bone comprised of layers or rings called...
lamellae
, containing collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent lamellae
osteocytes occupy
lacunae
, small holes at the junctions of lamellae.
canaliculi
radiate from the lacunae and connect them to central canal
spongy bone
trabeculae (surrounded by endosteum) contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi
male and female skeleton differences
male pelvis
adapted for support of heavier build and stronger muscles
narrow and deep pelvis cavity
heavier bone & more prominent markings
female pelvis
tilted forward; adapted for giving birth
greater capacity; wider (oval) pelvic inlet and outlet (ischial spines farther apart)
broad/rounded pubic arch
more movable coccyx
bone fracture repair
blood vessels in bone and periosteum tear -> hematoma forms
cartilaginous matrix that bulges externally and later calcifies -> fibrocartilaginous callus forms
previous callus replaced by immature bone -> bony callus forms
involves hematoma, and callus formation, and...
fracture classification
bone position:
nondisplaced fractures
when normal position retained;
displaced
when out of alignment
completeness:
complete fracture
if broken through;
incomplete fracture
~ greenstick
open (compound)
if bone penetrates skin. if not, it is
closed (simple)
all bones
axial
sternum
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
skull
cranial bones
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
facial bones
mandible (lower jaw) , maxilla (upper jaw), zygomatic (cheek), nasal, palatine
hyoid
vertebral column
7 cervical (C1 - atlas, C2 - axis) - neck
12 thoracic - mid & upper back
5 lumbar: fused - lower back
sacrum
coccyx - tail bone
ribs
true ribs (1-7)
false ribs (8-12)
floating ribs (11 & 12)
appendicular
upper limb (arm)
humerus
forearm
ulna
radius
hand
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
pelvic girdle (2 coxal/hip bones)
ilium
ischium
pubis
pectoral girdle
clavicle - collar bone
scapula
lower limb (leg)
femur - thigh bone
patella - knee
tibia - shin bone
fibula
foot
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges - toes
bone remodeling
in response to signals from
hormones
and
physical stress
(sensed by osteocytes)
bone resorption
accomplished by osteoclasts
bone deposition
done by osteoblasts
types of bones
short bones
cube shaped; located in wrist and ankle e.g. talus
sesamoid bones
form in a tendon; e.g. patella
flat bones
thin, flat, slightly curved; sternum, scapulae, ribs, cranial bones
long bones
longer than they are wide; limb bones e.g. humerus
irregular bones
complicated shapes; vertebrae & hip bones