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B7 - Non-communicable Diseases - Coggle Diagram
B7 - Non-communicable Diseases
Non-communicable diseases
Examples
Obesity
Smoking
Alcohol
Risk factors linked to increase rate of disease
Smoking
Increased risk of lung cancer
Alcohol
Increased risk of liver and brain damage
Obesity
Increased risk of heart disease/cardiovascular disease
Differences between communicable & non-communicable disease
Communicable diseases are diseases that can spread
Non-communicable diseases are diseases that can't be spread
Identifying correlations in data
The graph shows that the number of cigarettes smokes is linked to the number deaths from cancer, showing us that smoking can cause cancer
Casual Mechanisms
Something that explains how one factor influences another
If it can be demonstrated, there is a link between the two. For example there is a clear casual link between smoking tobacco and lung cancer
REMEMBER: Correlation is the link between a factor and an outcome, and casual mechanisms show the correlation
REMEMBER: Casual mechanisms are not always casual because in some instances, the factor does not directly cause the outcome
Cancer
Tumour
A mass of abnormally growing cells
Causes
Genes
Mutations - changes in the genetic material.
Ionising radiation can interrupt the normal cell cycle and cause tumours to form
Virus infections
Benefits & risks of chemotherapy
Benefits
Chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or to make them 'self-destruct'
Risks
Has a lot of side effects such as fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, bowel issues, hair loss, mouth sores and skin & nail problems
Difference between benign and malignant tumours
Benign
Growths of abnormal cells contained in one place, usually within a membrane. They don't invade other parts of the body but can grow very big very quickly.
Malignant
Can spread around the body, invading neighbouring healthy tissues.
Why do carcinogens and ionising radiation increase the risk of tumours?
Carcinogens
Can cause cells to divide at a faster rate, which could increase the chances that DNA changes will occur
Ionising radiation
Causes ionisation in the materials it passes through which can make them biologically active and may result in mutation and cancer
Smoking & the risk of disease
Tobacco smoke
Harmful substances found in it
Nicotine
Addictive but harmless drug.
Carbon monoxide
A poisonous gas found in tobacco smoke.
Effects of the harmful substances
Carbon monoxide
It takes up some of the oxygen-carrying capacity in your blood. After smoking a cigarette, up to 10% of the blood will be carrying carbon monoxide instead of oxygen. This can lead to a shortage of oxygen.
Nicotine
Produces a sensation of calm and 'being able to cope' which is why people like smoking.
Diet, exercise and disease
Health problems caused by a poor diet and lack of exercise
Heart attack
Type 2 diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
Obesity
Casual mechanisms for the link between exercise and health
Lack of exercise can cause obesity which has an impact on your health
Measures to prevent a further rise in the number of people with type 2 diabetes
A controlled diet and exercise regime
Alcohol and other carcinogens
Carcinogen
Something that causes or increases the risk of getting cancer
Short-term & long-term effects of drinking alcohol
Short-term
Fatigue, hangover, alcohol poisoning, clumsiness, violence.
Long-term
Damage to the brain. The brain becomes soft and pulpy and the normal brain structures are lost. Can cause death.
Effects of alcohol on unborn babies
Can cause facial deformities, problems with teeth, jaw or hearing. Kidney, live and heart problems. Learning and other developmental problems
The link between ionising radiation and cancer
Radioactive materials are a source of ionising radiation. The radiation penetrates the cells, damaging the chromosomes, causing mutations in the DNA. The more you are exposed to ionising radiation, the more likely you are to get mutations and cancer will develop.
