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MUSCLES - Coggle Diagram
MUSCLES
HEAD/NECK
FACIAL EXPRESSION
Insert into skin not bone
Non-verbal communication
All innervated by CN VIII
Epicranius = 2 bellies connected by epicranial aponeurosis, alternate actions to pull scalp forward/backward
Frontal belly = covers forehead, raises eyebrows
Occipital belly = overlies posterior occiput, fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly
Corrugator Supercilli = small muscle associated with activity of orbicularis oculi, draws eyebrows medially/inferiorly (frowning)
Obicularis Oculi = thin flat sphincter muscle of eyelid, surrounds rim of orbit, closes eye (produces blinking and squinting), draws eyebrow inferiorly
Zygomaticus = muscle pair extending diagonally from cheekbone - corner of mouth, raises lateral corners of mouth (smiling)
Risorius = slender muscle inferior and lateral to zygomaticus, draws corner of lip laterally, tenses lips
Synergist to zygomaticus
Levator Labii Superioris = thin muscle between obicularis oris and inferior eye margin, opens lips, raises and furrows upper lip
Depressor Labii Inferioris = small muscle running from mandible to lower lip, draws lower lip inferiorly (pout)
Depressor Anguli Oris = small muscle lateral to depressor labii inferioris, draws corners of mouth down and laterally (grimace)
Antagonist to zygomaticus
Orbicularis Oris = complicated multilayered muscle of lips with fibres running in many directions but most circularly, closes lips, purses and protrudes lips (kissing and whistling)
Mentalis = one of muscle pair forming a V-shaped muscle mass on chin, wrinkles chin, protrudes lower lip (pout)
Buccinator = thin horizontal cheek muscle, principle of cheek, deep to masseter, compresses cheek (whistling and sucking), old food between teeth while chewing, draws corner of mouth laterally, well developed in nursing infants
Platysma = unpaired think sheetlike superficial neck muscle, tenses skin on neck, helped depress mandible, plls lower lip back and down, produces downward sag of mouth
MASTICATION
4 pairs all innervated by CN V
Masseter = powerful muscle covering lateral aspect of mandibular ramus, prime mover or jaw closure, elevates mandible
Temporalis = fan-shaped muscle that covers part of temporal, frontal, parietal bones, closes jaw, elevates and retracts mandible, maintains position of mandible at rest, deep anterior part may help protract mandible
Medial pterygoid = deep 2-headed muscle running along internal surface of mandible and is mostly concealed by bone, acts with lateral pterygoid to protract mandible and promote side-to-side movement (grinding), synergist of temporalis and masseter muscles in elevation of mandible
Lateral pterygoid = deep 2-headed muscle lying superiorly to medial pterygoid, provides forward sliding and side-to-side grinding movement of lower teeth, protracts mandible
Buccinator = compresses cheek, keeps food between grinding surfaces of teeth during chewing
TONGUE MOVEMENTS
Genloglossus = fan-shaped muscle forms bulk of inferior part of tongue, attachment to mandible prevents tongue from falling backward, protracts tongue, can depress of act in synergy with other extrinsic muscles to retract tongue
Hypoglossus = flat quadrilateral muscle that depresses tongue and draws its sides inferiorly
Styloglossus = slender muscle running superiorly to and at right angle to hypoglossus, retracts and elevates tongue
ANTEROLATERAL NECK
Sternocleidomastoid = 2-headed muscle located deep to platysma, fleshy parts on either side of neck delineate limits of anterior and posterior triangles, key muscular landmark in neck, flexes and laterally rotates head, simultaneous contraction of both muscles flexes neck, generally against resistance as when raising head when lying on back, acting along each muscle rotates head toward shoulder on opposite side and tilts or laterally lexes head to its own side
Scalenes = located more laterally than anteriorly on neck, deep to platysma and sternocleidomastoid, elevate first 2 ribs (aid in inspiration), flex and rotate neck
INTRINISIC BACK
Splenius = broad bipartite superficial muscle extending from upper thoracic vertebrae to skull, capitis portion known as 'bandage muscle' as it covers and holds down deeper neck muscles, extends/hyperextends head, when one side activated head rotates and bends laterally toward same side
Erector Spinae = prime mover of back extension
Ilicostalis = most lateral, extends from neck to pelvis, extends and laterally flexes vertebral column, maintains erect posture, bends vertebral column to same side
Longissimus = intermediate tripartite muscle, extneds by many muscle slips from lumbar region to skull, mainly passes between transverse processes of vertebrae thoracis and cervicis act tother to extend and laterally flex vertebral column, capitis extends head and turns the face towards same side
Spinalis = most medial, cervicis usually rudimentary and poorly defined, extends vertebral column
Semispinalis = composite muscle forming part of deep layer, extends from thoracic region to head, extends vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite sides, act synergistically with sternocleidomastoid muscle of opposite side
Quadratus Lumborum = fleshy muscle forming part of posterior abdominal wall, laterally flexes vertebral column when actin separately, when act jointly lumbar spine is extended and 12th rib fixed, maintains upright posture, assists in forced inspiration
ABDOMEN/THORAX
ABDOMINAL WALL
Fascicles run at angles to one another, provide added strength
All innervated by intercostals
Rectus Abdominus = medial superficial muscle pair, extend from pubis to rib cage, flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column
External Oblique = largest and most superficial, fibres run downward and medially, flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall, rotate trunk and flex laterally
Internal Oblique = most fibres run upward and medially, however the muscle fans so inferior fibres run downward and medially, flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall, rotate trunk and flex laterally
Transverse Abdominis = deepest muscle, fibres run horizontally, compresses abdominal contents
ANTERIOR THORAX
Pectoralis Minor = flat thin muscle directly beneath pectoralis major, with ribs fixed draws scapula forward and downward
Serratus Anterior = fan shaped, lies deep to scapula, deep and inferior to pectoral muscles on lateral rib cage, rotates scapula so its inferior angle moves laterally and upward
Subclavius = small cylindrical muscle extending from rib 1 to clavicle, helps stabilise and depress pectoral girdle
POSTERIOR THORAX
Trapezius = most superficial muscle, flat and triangular in shape, upper fibres run inferiorly to scapula, middle fibres run horizontally to scapula, lower fibres run superiorly to scapula, stabilises, elevates, retracts and rotates scapula
Levator Scapulae = located at back and side of neck, deep to trapezius, thick straplike muscle, elevates and adducts scapula
Rhomboids = 2 roughly diamond shaped muscles lying deep to trapezius and inferior to levator scapulae, rhomboid minor is more superficial, stabilises scapula
UPPER LIMBS
SHOULDER
Pectoralis Major = large fan shaped muscle covering superior portion of chest, adducts and medially rotates arm
Deltoid = thick multipennate muscle forming rounded shoulder mass, prime mover of arm abduction when all fibres contract simultaneously
Latissimus Dorsi = broad flat triangular muscle of lower back, extensive superficial origins, covered by trapezius superiorly, prime mover in arm extension, powerful arm adductor, medially rotates arm at shoulder
Subscapularis = tendon of insertion passes in front of shoulder joint, chief medial rotator of arm
Supraspinatus = names for location on posterior aspect of scapula, deep to trapezius, initiates abduction of arm
Infraspinatus = partially covered by deltoid and trapezius, names for scapular location, rotates arm laterally
Teres Minor = small elongated muscle, lies inferior to infraspinatus and may be inseparable, rotates arm laterally
Teres Major = thick rounded muscle located inferior to teres minor, extends, medially rotates, and adducts arm
Coracobrachialis = small cylindrical muscle, flexes and adducts arm
CROSSING ELBOW
Triceps Brachii = large fleshy muscle, 3 headed origin, long and lateral heads lie superficial to medial head, powerful forearm extensor
Anconeus = short triangular muscle, partially blended with distal ends of triceps on posterior humerus, may control ulnar abduction during forearm pronation
Biceps Brachii = 2 headed fusiform muscle, bellies unite as insertion point is approached, tendon of long head helps stabilise shoulder joint, flexes and supinates forearm
Brachialis = strong muscle that is immediately deep to biceps on distal humerus, major forearm flexor
Brachioradialis = superficial muscle of lateral forearm, extends from distal humerus to distal forearm, synergist in flexing forearm
FOREARM/HAND
Pronator Teres = 2 headed muscle, superficial between proximal margins of brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis, pronates forearm
Flexi Carpi Radialis = runs diagonally across forearm, midway its fleshy belly is replaced by flat tendon that becomes cordlike at wrist, powerful flexor and abductor of hand
Palmaris Longus = small fleshy muscle with a long insertion tendon, often absent, tenses skin and fascia of palm during hand movements
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris = most medial, 2 headed, powerful flexor and adductor of hand
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis = 2 headed, more deep, flexes wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
Flexor Pollicis Longus = partly covered by flexor digitorum superficialis, flexes distal phalanx of thumb
Flexor Digitorum Profundus = extensive origin, overlain entirely by flexor digitorum superficialis, flexes distal interphalangeal joints
Pronator Quadratus = deepest muscle, passes downward and laterally, only muscle that arises solely from ulna and inserts solely into radius, prime mover in forearm pronation
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus = parallels brachioradialis on lateral forearm and may blend with it, extends and abducts hand
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis = shorter than extensor carpi radialis longus and lies deep to it, extends and abducts hand
Extensor Digitorum = lies medial to extensor carpi radialis brevis, prime mover of finger extension
Supinator = deep muscle at posterior aspect of elbow, assists biceps to forcibly supinate forearm
Abductor Pollicus Longus = lateral and parallel to extensor pollicus longus, just distal to supinator, abducts and extends thumb
Extensor Pollicis Brevis/Longus = deep muscle pair with a common origin and action, overlain by extensor carpi ulnaris, extends thumb
Extensor Indicis = tiny muscle arising close to wrist, extends index finger (digit II)
Thenar Eminence = ball of thumb
Has flexor, abductor, and opponens muscles
Hypothenar Eminence = ball of little finger
Mid Palmar Muscles = lumbricals and interossel extend fingers
Interossei also abducts/adducts fingers
LOWER LIMBS
CROSSING HIP/KNEE
Illiacus = large fan shaped more lateral muscle, prime mover for flexing thigh or for flexing trunk on thigh
Psoas Major = longer thicker and more medial muscle of illiopsoas pair, flexing thigh or flexing trunk of thigh, also flexes vertebral column laterally
Sartorius = straplike superficial muscle running obliquely across anterior surface of thigh to knee, longest muscle in body, crosses both hip and knee joints, flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh
Adductor Magnus = triangular muscle with a broad insertion, a composite muscle that is part adductor and part hamstring in action, adducts, medially rotates and flexes thigh, thigh extension
Adductor Longus = overlies middle aspect of adductor magnus, most anterior, adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
Adductor Brevis = in contact with obturator externus muscle, largely concealed by adductor longus and pectineus, adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
Pectineus = short flat muscle, overlies adductor brevis on proximal thigh, abuts adductor longus medially, adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
Gracilis = long thin superficial muscle of medial thigh, adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
Rectus Femoris = superficial muscle of anterior thigh, runs straight down thigh, extends leg and flexes thigh at hip
Quadriceps Femoris group
Vastus Lateralis = forms lateral aspect of thigh, extends and stabilises leg
Vastus Medialis = forms inferomedial aspect of thigh, extends leg
Vastus Intermedius = obscured by rectus femoris, lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on anterior thigh, extends leg
Tensor Fascia Lata = enclosed between fascia layers of anterolateral aspect of thigh, steadies leg and trunk on thigh by making iliotibial tract taut
Gluteus Maximus = largest and most superficial gluteal muscle, forms bulk of buttock mass, fibres are thick/coarse, major extensor of thigh
Gluteus Medius = thick muscle largely covered by gluteus maximus, abducts and medially rotates thigh
Biceps Femoris = most lateral of hamstrings group, arises from 2 heads, extends thigh and flexes leg
Hamstrings group
Semitendinosus = lies medial to biceps femoris, quite fleshy, extends thigh and flexes leg
Semimembranosus = deep to semitendinosus, extends thigh and flexes leg
LEG/ANKLE
Tibialis Anterior = superficial muscle of anterior leg, laterally parallels sharp anterior margin of tibia, prime mover of dorsiflexor
Extensor Digititorum Longus = unipennate muscle on anterolateral surface of leg, lateral to tibialis anterior, prime mover of toe extensor
Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius = small muscle usually continuous and fused with distal part of extensor digitorum longus, not always present, dorsiflexes and everts foot
Extensor Hallucis Longus = deep to extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior, narrow origin, extends great toe
Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus = superficial lateral muscle, overlies fibula, plantar flexes and everts foot
Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis = smaller muscle, deep to fibularis longus, enclosed in common sheath, plantar flexes and everts foot
Gastrocnemius = superficial to soleus, 2 prominent bellies that form proximal curve of calf, plantar flexes foot
Soleus = broad flat muscle deep to gastrocnemius on posterior surface of calf, plantar flexes foot
Plantaris = small feeble muscle, may be absent, helps to flex leg and plantar flex foot
Popliteus = thin triangular muscle at posterior knee, passes inferomedially to tibial surface, flexes and rotates leg medially to unlock extended knee when flexion begins
Flexor Digitorum Longus = long narrow muscle, runs medial to and partially overlies tibialis posterior, plantar flexes and inverts foot, flexes toes
Flexor Hallucis Longus = bipennate muscle lies lateral to inferior aspect of tibialis posterior, plantar flexes and inverts foot, flexes great toe at all joints
Tibialis Posterior = thick flat muscle deep to soleus, placed between posterior flexors, prime mover in foot inversion
FOOT
Extensor Digitorum Brevis = small 4 part muscle on dorsum of foot, deep to tendons of extensor digitorum longus, helps extend toes at metatarsophalangeal joints
Flexor Digitorum Brevis = bandlike muscle in middle of sole, helps flex toes
Adductor Hallucis = lies medial to flexor digitorum brevis, abducts great toe
Abductor Digiti Minimi = most lateral of 3 superficial sole muscles, abducts and flexes little toe
Flexor Accessorius = rectangular muscle just deep to flexor digitorum brevis in posterior half of sole, 2 heads, straightens out the oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus
Lumbricals = 4 little 'worms', flex toes at metatarsophalangeal joints and extend toes at interphalangeal joints