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Severe deprivation (Y1) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - When rescued, these children often display behaviour more characteristic of animals, like preferring raw food, walking on all 4s, preferring the outdoors - level of social learning still occurring with survival behaviour
        
        Poor prognosis - linguistic and cognitive attainment tended to remain low and social behaviour is often strange, though this is often no indication of the child's prior development; if abused, this holds true
- - - - Factors affecting outcomes - Genie v Koluchova twins: poor v good -
        Genie - poor:
        
        12 years of deprivation
        
        Physical abuse and restraint, malnourished, gross neglect
        -Normal environment from birth to 20 months
        
        Mental retardation
        
        Koluchova twins - good:
        
        Malnourished, gross neglect, physical abuse
        
        1yr+ of normal stimulation and social engagement
        
        had one another - strong attachment, not total isolation, had interaction with one another
        
        Placed in care and recovered very well
      - Factors affecting outcome - two sisters in same situation - Mary v Louise:
        Poor outcome - Mary
        
        Mental retardation of microcephaly (made her more vulnerable genetically)
        
        Inherited predisposition of autistic tendencies
        
        No time in normal environment, no intense speech therapy
        
        No strong attachments, physical restraints
        
        Good outcome - Louise
        
        Physical restraint
        
        Several strong attachments
        
        Intensive speech therapy
        
        14 months - normal stimulation
        
        Special friend at school
        
        No genetic vulnerability which worsened the deprivation
      - Risk factors for poor outcome: Serious general malnourishment, overt congenital abnormalities associated with mental retardation (microcephaly) and complete absence of comprehensive and expressive speech at discovery, especially when there is a large discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal mental age
      - Protective factors for good outcomes: formation of an attachment bond with a special adult, absence of congenital conditions and having someone to communicate with during the period of deprivation
  - - - Critical - if not learned, it is lost; Sensitive - optimal time to learn, but if not learned then can still be developed, it is just harder
        Sensitive periods:
        
        Gradual start and end
        
        During period - time of maximum sensitivity to learning the skill / behaviour
        
        After the period - skills can still be learned but less efficiently / easily
        
        Sensitive period for language is 1-7 years
        
        Critical periods:
        
        Abrupt start and end (development is in stages, not in flow)
        
        During period - maximum sensitivity to external stimuli that are compulsory for the development of a particular skill, and after this they do not respond to the stimuli
        
        After - skill cannot be learned normally after period ends
        
        Critical period for visual system being 8 months - 3 years; learned through exploring environment
      - Critical periods in language development - Lenneberg (1967); human language acquired in critical period beginning in early life and ending at puberty
        
        Newport (2006) - formal properties of language appear sensitive to age of acquisition (phonology, morphology and syntax)
        
        Essential to distinguish between global retardation and severe deprivation so that appropriate environmental manipulation and education can start soon
        
        Genie was cognitively normal, just not linguistically
      - Canalisation - Waddington's epigenetic landscape (1975) -
        
        early in development, a system like the mind has a series of possible developmental paths and end states
        
        The developmental path and end state depends on the particular constraints
        
        Self-regulatory processes ensure that the organism returns to its channel following small disturbance
        
        Large disturbances may lead to completely different routes being taken
        
        Those in abusive or deprived environments have more shallow canalisation and so can be more easily knocked off path