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Metabolic syndrome أبريل 2023 - Coggle Diagram
Metabolic syndrome
أبريل 2023
TTT
Aim (address risk factors and reduce complications)
Lifestyle modification ( cornerstone)
a) Weight Loss: Losing weight is one of the most effective ways to manage metabolic syndrome. A weight loss of 5-10% of body weight can significantly improve metabolic parameters.
b) Exercise: Regular exercise, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming, can help reduce body weight, improve insulin sensitivity, and lower blood pressure.
c) Diet: A healthy diet that is low in saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium, and rich in fiber, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, can help manage metabolic syndrome.
d) Smoking Cessation: Smoking is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Quitting smoking can significantly improve metabolic parameters and reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases
Medications
a) Metformin: Metformin is a medication that is commonly used to manage type 2 diabetes. It can also be used to manage metabolic syndrome by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing blood sugar, and lowering triglycerides.
b) Statins: Statins are medications that are commonly used to lower cholesterol levels. They can also be used to manage metabolic syndrome by reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
c) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors: ACE inhibitors are medications that are commonly used to manage high blood pressure. They can also be used to manage metabolic syndrome by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
d) Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): TZDs are medications that are commonly used to manage type 2 diabetes. They can also be used to manage metabolic syndrome by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing blood sugar, and lowering triglycerides.
Others
Stress management techniques
Adequate sleep
Regular monitoring of
blood pressure
blood sugar
lipid profile
Surgery
a) Bariatric Surgery: Bariatric surgery, such as gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, can be a effective treatment for severe obesity and metabolic syndrome. It can lead to significant weight loss, improvement in metabolic parameters, and reduction in the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
b) Metabolic Surgery: Metabolic surgery, such as gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, can be a effective treatment for metabolic syndrome, even in patients who are not severely obese. It can lead to significant improvement in metabolic parameters and reduction in the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases
Introduction
Definition
Clusters of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases
clustering of hyperglycemia/insulin resistance, obesity and dyslipidemia
Clinical features
Obesity
High blood pressure
High blood sugar level
High triglyceride levels
Low levels of LDH cholesterol
Pathogenesis
Unknown but believed to be due to insulin resistance and chronic inflammation
Less response of body tissues to insulin
Chronic inflammation is triggered by excessive fat accumulation
Chronic inflammation worse insulin resistance
Risk factors
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Genetics
Age
Complications ( early detection prevent or delay complications )
Cardiovascular dis.
Type 2 diabetes
Sleep apnea
Fatty liver diseases
Some types of cancer
Prevelence
25-30% of world wide populations
Investigations
Blood pressure measurement
Bl. Sugar measurement ( fasting or HBA1C
Lipid profile measurement ( include triglycerides and HDL cholesterol)
Waist circumference measurement
Liver function tests
Kidney function tests
Inflammatory markers
Varities
Abdominal Obesity: Excess fat in the abdominal area, typically measured by waist circumference. Measurements can vary by population, but generally a waist circumference above 40 inches (102 cm) in men and 35 inches (88 cm) in women is significant.
Insulin Resistance: This often manifests as elevated fasting glucose levels or conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance impairs the body’s ability to use glucose effectively.
Dyslipidemia: Abnormal lipid profiles, usually characterized by high levels of triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (<40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women).
Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure, generally defined as a reading of 130/85 mm Hg or higher.
Pro-inflammatory State: Some research indicates a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, often measured by elevated levels of markers like C-reactive protein (CRP).
Pro-thrombotic State: Increased risk of clot formation, often indicated by elevated fibrinogen levels.