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Genetic Technology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Restriction endonucleases: enzymes from bacteria that cut DNA at specific sequences (restriction sites)
        
        they separate the 2 DNA strands at the specific sequence and cut the sugar-phosphate backbone in 2 ways:
        
        straight across to give blunt ends
        
        staggered to give sticky ends
        
        the vector DNA is also cut with the same restriction enzyme to make more sticky ends, so that the 2 sticky ends can form hydrogen bonds with each other
        
        a promoter must be inserted in order for the gene to be expressed
      - Reverse transcriptase: catalyse the reaction that reverses transcription (makes cDNA from mRNA)
        
        uses a template strand of mRNA and free nucleotides to make a single strand of complementary DNA
        
        DNA polymerase is then used to turn the single strand of cDNA into a double stranded DNA molecule that contains the desired code for the gene
        
        the mRNA made from the desired gene doesn't have introns, so the resulting cDNA only has the exons for the desired trait
      - Artificial synthesis: using information from a database to generate the genetic code needed
        
        computers are used to generate the nucleotide sequence for the amino acids needed
        
        short sequences of DNA are synthesised and joined together to form longer sequences of DNA that can be inserted into the vectors
      - identifying the desired gene involves separating the lengths of DNA by gel electrophoresis and gene probes
        
        Gel electrophoresis: basically paper chromatography but using gel instead of paper and an electric field instead of a solvent
        
        Gene probes: length of DNA that has the complementary base sequence to the gene you are trying to find