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Medicine stands still - Coggle Diagram
Medicine stands still
Black death 1348
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Caused buboes in the grain and armpits, other symptoms were fever and coughing up blood
No cure, most people died within days
Bacteria that caused it were caried by fleas that were carried by rats, dirty conditions helped the spread of it
Cause beliefs
Supernatural, punishment from God, misalignment of planets
Natural explanations, miasma, imbalance of Humours
Impact
30-45% of population was killed, entire villages died
Caused panic and rioting, in Durham 1349 there were mass riots
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Treatment and prevention
Supernatural
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Flagellation, pope encouraged it
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Medieval doctors
Hippocrates and Galen
Most doctors accepted Hippocrate's Theory of four humours and Galen's theory of opposites without question
These weren;t always useful, and patients often got worse
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Training
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Doctors debated the best treatments for diseases and began to watch people idssect bodies to better understand how they worked
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John Arderne
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Developed his own pain killing ointment, it stopped the need for cauterising which often killed the patient
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Urged doctors to rely on their own judgement, and to rely less of Galen and Hippocrates
Significane - first British doctor to encourage more modern treatments and move away from the old fashioned works of Galen. He decreased death rates and revolutionised medicine
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Hippocrates and Galen
Four humours
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When the humours were out of balance, the person became ill
Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile
Balance of the four humours can be restored by reducing whichever one is out of balance, by either purging (making them sick) or bledding
Hippocrates
Main idea was to observe patients carefully to work out what was wrong with them and to write down what he saw, today this is known as clinical observation
Came up with the theory of the four humours and Hippocratic oath, which is still taken by doctors today
Galen
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Porves the brain controlled our actions, not the heart
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Surgery
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Medieval surgeons
Most were barber surgeons who would treat soldiers who had been wounded in battle, they also did tooth extraction and bloodletting
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Early successes
Abulcasis - invented new surgical instruments and wrote many books on surgery. His ideas were used for many centuries by both Islamic and Western doctors and surgeons
John Arderne - first English surgeon, worked on battefields where he developed his own pain-killing ointment made from hemlock and opium
Hugh of Luca - noticed wine was very good for cleaning wounds, also noticed pus was harmful while others though it wass good
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Religion
Christianity
Negatives
Disection of human corpses was forbidden, so many wrong ideas about anatomy continued
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Church taught that diseases was a punishment from God for sin, people were encourages to rely on prayers to cure them
Contribution
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Encouraging people to go on crusades to the Middle east put them in touch with Muslim doctors who were much more skilled and knowledgable
Islam
Books of Hippicrates and Galen were translated into Arabic by sictirs like Al-Rhazes, who preserved their ideas
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Avicenna wrote 'Canon of Medicine' which spread quickly, it became one of the most significant books in the history of medicine
Islamic medicine was the first to have pharmacies and a system of weighing and measuring ingredients in medicines
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Towns and monasteries
Life in a medieval town
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No sewers, people threw waste onto the street
Water came from streams, which were often contaminated from human waste
Towns were so dirty, they smelt very bad, this is why miasma was believed to be the cause fo disease
Some medieval town like Coventry made efforts to clear up, council banned dumping rubbish in the streets and river, in 1421 ordered that all toilets built over a local steam to be demolished
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