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Unit 2 Honors Bio - Coggle Diagram
Unit 2 Honors Bio
Cell Types-
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Eukaryotic cells are complex cells found in organisms such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
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Bacterial cells are prokaryotic and can come in different shapes; cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. They can be found in organisms like animals, plants, and fungi.
Archaeal cells are also prokaryotic, but they differ from bacteria in terms of their genetic and metabolic functions. They are extremophiles, meaning they can be found in extreme environments, like hot springs.
Cell Structure-
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Cell Membranes, Cytoplasm, DNA, and Ribosomes are found in ALL cells
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Macromolecules-
Proteins: These function as enzymes, building blocks, and transport molecules.
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Temperature: Enzymes have an optimal temperature at which they work at. Deviating from this temperature can denature the enzyme, causing it not to function properly.
pH: Enzymes have an optimal pH at which they work best. Altering the pH can denature the enzyme, but this process is reversible.
Substrate concentration: The amount of substrate affects enzyme activity. The rate of reaction increases as substrate concentration increases, but if levels get too high it levels off.
Monomers-
Amino Acids: These make up proteins and contain an amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain.
Nucleotides: These are the monomers of nucleic acids; they consist of a phosphate group, a ribose, and a nitrogenous base.
Monosaccharides: These are the monomers of carbohydrates. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
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Enzymes: Proteins that play crucial roles in various cellular processes. They act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering activation energy.
Important Bonds: The bonds between Carbohydrates are Glycosidic Bonds. The bonds between Lipids are Ester bonds. The bonds between Proteins are Peptide bonds. The bonds between Nucleic Acids are Phosphodiester bonds.