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1. Syntax as a part of grammar. Syntactic theories., 3. The WORD-GROUP…

- - - - Subordinate word-groups are based on the relations of dependence between the constituents.
        
        1) noun-phrases (NP) – a cup of tea,
        
        2) verb-phrases (VP) – to run fast, to see a house,
        
        3) adjective phrases (AP) – good for you,
        
        4) adverbial phrases (DP) – so quickly,
        
        5) pronoun phrases (IP) – something strange, nothing to do.
      - !!! The formation of the subordinate word-group depends on the valency of its constituents. Valency is a potential ability of words to combine. Actual realization of valency in speech is called combinability.
- - - - 1) pre-adjectivals (the position before adjectivals)
        
        a) limiters (to this group belong mostly particles): just, only, even, etc. and
        
        b) determiners (articles, possessive pronouns, quantifiers – the first, the last).
      - 2) adjectiavals
        
        Premodification of nouns by nouns (N+N)
        Why? laconic and expressive spech
        
        1) subject-predicate relations: weather change;
        
        2) object relations: health service, women hater;
        
        3) adverbial relations:
        
        a) OF TIME: morning star,
        
        b) PLACE: world peace, country house,
        
        c) COMPARISON: button eyes,
        
        d) PURPOSE: tooth brush.
  - - - The most common preposition here is ‘of’ (DIFFERENT MEANINGS)
        
        1) qualitative - a woman of sense,
        
        2) predicative – the pleasure of the company,
        
        3) objective – the reading of the newspaper,
        
        4) partitive – the roof of the house.
- - - - 1) NOMINAL complementation -- nominal (to see a house)
        
        Nominal complementation takes place when one or more nominal complements (nouns or pronouns) are obligatory for the realization of potential valency of the verb: to give smth. to smb., to phone smb., to hear smth.(smb.), etc.
      - 2) ADVERBIAL complementation -- adverbial (to behave well).
        
        Adverbial complementation occurs when the verb takes one or more adverbial elements obligatory for the realization of its potential valency: He behaved well, I live …in Kyiv (here).
      - 3) MIXED complementation
        
        both nominal and adverbial elements are obligatory: He put his hat on he table (nominal-adverbial).
    - - 1) BASIC or SIMPLE (to take a book) – all elements are obligatory;
      - 2) EXPANDED (to read and translate the text, to read books and newspapers)
      - 3) EXTENDED (to read an English book).
- - - - 1) EXPANSION -- The phone was ringing and ringing
      - 2) COMPLRESSION -- They were laughing and singing
      - 3) COMPLICATION (a synt. unit becomes complicated) -- I Have seen it – I could have seen it
      - 4) CONTAMINATION (two parts of the sentence are joined together – e.g. double predicate) -- The moon rose red.
      - 5) REPLACEMENT – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
  - - - 1) EXTENSION - a nice dress – a nice cotton dress.
      - 2) AJOINMENENT - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
      - 3) ENCLOSURE – inserting modal words and other discourse markers: after all, anyway, naturally, etc.
- - - - a) conjunctions -- ONLY the connective function
      - b) conjunctive pronouns -- notional constituents of clauses
      - c) adverbs
      - d) particles (sometimes)
- - - - This sentence is ambiguous, two senses can be distinguished:
        
        a) the action of flying planes can be dangerous -- a) Planes can be dangerous -- X (people) fly planes
        
        b) the planes that fly can be dangerous.-- b) Planes can be dangerous -- Planes fly