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Intro to Carbohydrates - Coggle Diagram
Intro to Carbohydrates
Importance of carbohydrates
Source of energy
Energy storages of starch and glycogen
Building blocks of complex structures
Constitute supporting tissue in plants
Pharmaceutical impo. Of carbohydrates
Sterile I.V. Infusions (dextrose)
Anti diarrheal drugs (pectin)
Infants’ food (starch & dextrin)
Surgical dressing (cellulose) & plasters (gums)
As diluents & binders for tablet manufacture (lactose,starch,gums) & coating (sugar coated tablets) liq. Glucose
Carbohydrate derivatives with therapeutic use (ascorbic acid, glucosamine)
Problems with old definition/ formula CnH2nOn
Other compounds may have same formula
Some carbohydrates like deoxygenated ribose (C5H10O4) do not have the general formula
New definition based on structure: polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
Sugar unit
3-7 carbons
Structure: fisher configuration, D isomer & L isomer
No. Of isomers = 2^n where n is chiral carbons
Isomers
Structural
Same mol. Formula
diff arrangement of atoms
Stereo
Same mol. Formula
Same order and types of bonds
different arrangements in space
Diastereomers
Identical chemical formula
identical attachment of atoms
different spatial arrangement
Non mirror images
Unique physical and chemical properties
Epimers
Difference in one chiral center
Galactose C4 epimer of glucose
Mannose C2 epimer of glucose
Enantiomers
Identical chemical formula
identical attachment of atoms
different spatial arrangement
Mirror image
Identical physical and chemical properties
Bend light in opposite direction
Hemiacetal/ Hemiketal
Alcohol oxygen atom + carbonyl carbon of aldehyde/ketone
Nucleophilic attack of OH at electrophilic carbonyl
Can form cyclic Hemiketal/HemiAcetal
Groups on left side of Fischer are upwards/ on right side are downward
Mutarotation
Anomeric carbon- new chiral center - C1 in glucose & C2 in Fructose
a & B in sugar solution where a is where the anomeric OH is downward and B is where anomeric OH is upwards