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social-cognitive, Psychodynamic, Trait Theories, Phenomenological,…

- - - - Self-schemas
        
        Markus, 1977
        
        Reaction time
        
        Andersen & Cyranowski, 1994
        
        Sexual self-schemas
        
        Working self-schema
        
        Motives
        
        Self-enhancement
        
        Self-verification
  - - - Elliot & Dweck, 1988
      - Implicit Beliefs
        
        Incremental (Malleable)
        
        Entity (Fixed)
  - - - Depression/Dejection
    - - Anxiety/Worry
- - - - Rep Test
- - - - Wiedenfeld et al 1990 Snake Phobia Helper T Cells
    - - Cognitive Therapy
        
        Lazarus Coping Styles
        
        Problem-focused coping
        
        Emotion-focused coping
    - - Bandura 1977 Guided Mastery
  - - - Self
      - World
      - Future
- - - - Expressed in other ways
  - - - Catharsis
  - - - Conscious
      - Preconscious
      - Unconscious
        
        Dreams
        
        Manifest Content
        
        Wish Fulfilment
        
        Subliminal perception
    - - Id
        
        Pleasure Principle
        
        Hedonistic
        
        Source of instincts and energies
      - Ego
        
        Reality Principle
        
        Delayed Gratification
      - Superego
        
        Moral / Social Desirability
        
        Perfectionism
        
        Ego-Ideal
  - - - Death Instinct :
        
        Aggressive instinct
      - Life Instinct
        
        Reproduction
        
        Sexual drive
        
        Preservation
    - - Anxiety
        
        Defense Mechanisms
        
        Denial
        
        Compartmentalisation
        
        Projection
        
        Newman et al, 1997
        
        Chronically Accessible
        
        Isolation
        
        Intellectualisation
        
        Undoing
        
        Reaction formation
        
        Opposite
        
        Socially Desirable Behaviour
        
        Rationalisation
        
        Sublimation
        
        Does not require constant energy expenditure
        
        Civilisation restricts instincts
        
        Repression
        
        Repressive style
        
        Higher Blood Pressure
        
        Higher Risk of Illness
    - - Primary Process
      - Secondary Process
  - - - Erogenous Zones
      - Oral Stage
      - Anal Stage
      - Phallic Stage
        
        Castration Anxiety
        
        Oedipus Complex
        
        Penis Envy
        
        Identification
      - Latency stage
      - Genital Stage
  - - - Fixations
        
        Failure of development of instincts in a given psychosexual stage
        
        Too Little Gratification
        
        Too Much Gratification
      - Regression
        
        Return to earlier stage of development during conditions of distress
      - Oral
        
        Envious
        
        Pessimistic
        
        Impatient
      - Anal
        
        Rigid
        
        Control-freak
        
        Possessive
      - Phallic
        
        Male
        
        Exhibitionistic
        
        Competitive
        
        Macho
        
        Female
        
        Seductive
        
        Naive
    - - Intrapsychic Conflict between Wish and Anxiety
        
        Symptoms
        
        Compulsion
        
        Psychological Paralysis
        
        Tic
- - - - May be analysed symbolically
- - - - Campbell & Hawley, 1982
  - - - Questionnaires could not capture this
- - - - NEO-PI-R
        
        Good Interrater Reliability(Test-takers + Observers agree)
      - Facets
  - - - Underemphasises social influence
  - - - Better to reperform lexical hypothesis factor-analysis within culture's language rather than translate
    - - E, A, C structure more replicable in Italian
    - - Black South Africans
        
        Social-relational descriptors
      - White South Africans
        
        Personal Growth
        
        Abstract
    - - Tsiname Big Two
    - - Triguna
- - - - Central Trait
        
        Secondary Disposition
- - - - Ability Traits
        
        Skills and Abilities
      - Temperament Traits
        
        Emotional life and style of behaviour
      - Dynamic Traits
        
        Motivations
- - - - Lower N, E, O
      - Higher A + C
    - - Lower A + C
      - Higher N, E, O
  - - - People Higher in C Live Longer
- - - - Inner psychological needs shape interpretation of the world
    - - As opposed to the Need for Approval
      - Individual thinks but does not feel attachment to their own values
      - Self-Discrepancy Theory
        
        Actual-Ideal
        
        Actual-Ought
  - - - Organised
      - Ideal self
        
        Values
      - Q-sort Technique
      - Semantic Differential
      - Self-concept and Culture
        
        Independent/Interdependent
        
        Need for positive regard may be a taught need in the West
        
        Self-criticism does not influence self-esteem
  - - - Personal Growth Scale
      - Roberts and Chapman, 2000
      - Deci & Ryan, 1985
        
        Self-Determination Theory (CAR)
        
        Competency
        
        Autonomy
        
        Relatedness
    - - Lecky, 1945
        
        Motivation to Maintain Consistency
        
        As opposed to Pleasure Principle
      - Incongruence
        
        Subception
        
        Distortion
        
        Denial
        
        Chodokorf, 1954
        
        Cartwright, 1956
      - Aronson & Mettee, 1968
        
        Cheating
    - - Psychological Needs
        
        Accepted and Respect from others
      - Conditions of Worth
  - - - Attributions Of Behaviour
      - Coopersmith, 1967
        
        Degree of Acceptance
        
        Permissiveness and Punishment
        
        Democratic or Dictatorial
    - - Authenticity or Incongruency
- - - - Control group (+.59)
      - At six month follow up, clients were still on average +.31.
      - Pretest-posttest one-group of the Q-sort before and after Rogerian therapy. Posttest Q-sort actual-idea congruence was +.34
- - - - Enduring
      - Beneficial in Multiple Life Domains
      - Parents and Larger Society Foster
      - Celebrated when developed
      - Valued cross-culturally
    - - Wisdom
      - Courage
      - Love
      - Justice
      - Temperance
        
        Forgiveness
      - Transcendence
        
        Appreciation of Beauty
  - - - Positive Emotions
        
        Broaden Thoughts and Action Tendencies
        
        More Options
        
        People Pursue Novel Activities
      - Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004
- - - - Rationalisation
      - Fantasy
      - Projection
- - - - Love is perceived differently according to attachment type
- - - - Culture -> Gender Identity
  - - - Moving Toward
      - Moving Against
      - Moving Away
- - - - Element of Knowledge
      - Used to Interpret or Construe the World
      - Activated automatically/unconsciously
      - Three Elements
        
        Similarity Pole
        
        Contrast Pole
      - Simpson et al., 2004
        
        Hospital managers who were responsible for the hospital's business operations and whose background often was outside of health care
        
        Simpson et al asked the clinicians and managers to enumerate the characteristics that were ideal for a clinician and a manager
        
        Groups were surprised by areas of commonality, which then facilitated communication
        
        Clinical health professionals who were responsible for patient care
      - Types of Constructs
        
        Verbal
        
        Preverbal
        
        Submerged
        
        Core
        
        Peripheral
        
        Superordinate
        
        Subordinate
    - - Bieri 1955
        
        Class of college students asked to rep grid others in the class, which the constructs were analysed to determine cognitive complexity
        
        Then participants multiple choice test in which they had to predict how other students in the class would behave in a variety of hypothetical situations, where whatever answer they picked for themselves then became the correct answer
        
        Cognitive complexity predicted accuracy
  - - - Only half of the variation in the personal construct test was predictable from big five scores
      - Idiographic grid alike Kelly's, which was compared to Big Five
  - - - People basically seek to expand Range of Convenience
    - - Anxiety
        
        Recognition that Events occur outside of Range of Convenience
        
        Broaden
        
        Narrow
        
        Less Intensive
      - Fear
        
        New Construct Forming
      - Threat
        
        Awareness of Imminent change to Core Structure
  - - - After establishing basic understanding of the client, a psych or team of psychs write a sketch of a new person, an alternative type of person that the client can ''try out'' as a way of expanding their construct system
      - After drawn up, sketch is presented to client. Client decides whether the sketch sounds like someone they would like to know, and whether they would be comfortable with such a person. this is done to ensure the new personality will not be excessively threatening to the client
      - Therapist invites client to act as if they were that person, for about 2 weeks, the client is asked to forget who they are and be this other person
      - Kelly suggests this may be easier if sketch sharply contrasts with the person's current functioning