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Problem of gun violence in the US and success of other countries dealing…

- - - - This document was released by the U.S. Government Publishing Office, which is a very trusted source that is considered Authenticated U.S. Government Information. It was printed for the use of the Joint Economic Committee, which is one of four standing joint committees of the U.S. Congress.
    - - I will use this source to shed light on U.S. gun prevention laws that are already in motion, examples of their effectiviness, and two-sided problem of gun violence based on opinions of democratic and republican parties.
    - - Main ideas
        
        It is impossible to find one single policy that will end gun violence in the US.
        
        One prevention policy might work in one area, but doesn't work in another.
        
        Democratic side pushes for stricter gun laws, guy back programs. Republicans push for elimination of gun-free zones and work on background checks on federal level, rather than adding universal background check.
        
        United States needs to get on the same safety level as other countries.
    - - "In the United States there are more guns in civilian hands than in any other country in the world. An American is seven times more likely than someone in Canada to die from a gun, eight times more likely than someone in France, and almost 20 times more likely than a person in Germany, and almost 40 times more likely than someone in the U.K., Australia, or New Zealand, and nearly 200 times more than someone in Japan..." (Joint Economic Committee)
      - "Ninety-five percent of Americans support background checks on all gun sales, and 85 percent support red flag laws. And every day, 100 Americans are shot and killed, and hundreds more are wounded" (Joint Economic Committee)
      - "These are the states that have—the countries that have a lower firearm death rate per 100,000 people than we do: Argentina, Aus- tralia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Fin- land, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, Luxembourg..." (Joint Economic Committee)
      - "In Australia in 1996, after a man with an assault rifle killed 35 people, the parliament responded by banning automatic and semiautomatic weapons, and created a buy- back program that resulted in over 650,000 weapons being turned in." (Joint Economic Committee)
    - - Australia’s 1996 Gun Law Reforms: Faster Falls in Firearm Deaths, Firearm Suicides, and a Decade without Mass Shootings.
        
        Chapman, S, et al. “Australia’s 1996 Gun Law Reforms: Faster Falls in Firearm Deaths, Firearm Suicides, and a Decade without Mass Shootings.” Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2006, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2704353/
        
        Main ideas
        
        Australia is one of the countries who had the best results from gun prevention program.
        
        The Australian example provides evidence that removing large numbers of firearms from a community can be associated with a sudden and ongoing decline in mass shootings and accelerating declines in total firearm‐related deaths, firearm homicides and firearm suicides.
        
        Credibility
        
        Phillip Alpers is a Professor at University of Sydney, Kingsley Agho is an Associate Professor at Western Sydney University. It was published in Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, which is an official journal of Society for Advancement of Violence and Injury Research (SAVIR).
        
        Points of argument
        
        I will use this article to shed light on successful and effective side of gun back programs, and use Australia as an example of country who succeeded.
        
        Quotes
        
        "Under the 1996–7 Australian Firearms Buyback, 643 726 newly prohibited semi‐automatic and pump‐action rifles and shotguns were purchased by the federal government from their civilian owners at market value, funded by a levy on income tax" (Chapman)
        
        "In the 10.5 years after the gun law reforms, there have been no mass shootings, but accelerated declines in annual total gun deaths and firearm suicides and a non‐significant accelerated decline in firearm homicides. No substitution effects occurred for suicides or homicides". (Chapman)
        
        "The Australian Firearms Buyback remains the world's most sweeping gun collection and destruction program" (Chapman)
- - - - The report was published by the American Psychological Association and its experts. American Psychological Association is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with over 146,000 members.
    - - I will use this research to cover the reasons for gun violence we do not think about, which includes the mental health and parenting ones. I want to use this article to shed light on mental health/parenting/education gun prevention programs.
    - - Single policies implemented by themselves have been shown to reduce certain forms of gun violence in the United States.
        
        Physicians’ counseling of individuals and families about firearm safety has in some cases proven to be an effective prevention measure and is consistent with other health counseling about safety.
        
        Multifaceted approach will be needed to reduce firearm-related violence.
        
        Correcting and changing perceptions among men of social norms regarding beliefs about behaviors and characteristics that are associated with stereotypic masculinity may reduce the prevalence of intimate partner and sexual violence.
    - - The AAP’s Bright Futures practice guide urges pediatricians to counsel parents who possess guns that storing guns safely and preventing access to guns reduce injury by as much as 70 percent and that the presence of a gun in the home increases the risk for suicide among adolescents. (APA)
      - "Firearm prohibitions for high-risk groups — domestic violence offenders, persons convicted of violent misdemeanor crimes, and individuals with mental illness who have been adjudicated as being a threat to themselves or to others — have been shown to reduce violence." (APA)
      - "Although keeping firearms at home is not a direct cause of youth gun violence, the rates of suicides, homicides, and unintentional firearm fatalities are higher for 5–14-year-olds who live in states or regions in which rates of gun ownership are more prevalent (Miller, Azrael, & Hemenway)."
      - Men represent more than 90 percent of the perpetrators of homicide in the United States and are also the victims of the large majority (78 percent) of that violence (Bureau of Justice Statistics)
- - - - Based on research, after lowering amount guns in open access there has been a reduction in homicide/suicide. But it is also hard to say for sure the decline happened exactly because of gun reduction.
      - To reduce the amount of guns accessed, you do not always need to do a gun buyback program. Israel did gun-free weekends for Israel Defense Forces and Switzerland lowered their army size.
    - - "In addition, it is clear that guns are especially lethal means of attempting suicide and that suicide attempts are often impulsive acts that may never be repeated should the first attempt fail." (RAND)
      - "Another compelling foreign study examined a 2006 policy implemented by the Israel Defense Forces, which required soldiers to leave their firearms on base when they returned home on weekends... the suicide rate among Israeli men aged 18–21 (including men both in service and not in service) decreased by 40 percent following this policy" (RAND)
      - "Two studies meeting our inclusion criteria—the study by Chapman, Alpers, and Jones, and a 2011 study by Samara McPhedran and Jeanine Baker—examined the impact of the NFA on mass shootings. Both found that, while there were 12 or 13 mass shootings (depending on the definition of mass shooting used) in the 15 or so years before Australia implemented the NFA, there had been none since its passage. " (RAND)
    - - RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. It is federally funded and sponsored by the Department of Defense and one sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security. It is also peer-reviewed
        
        Both sources mention limiting gun laws/ gun policies in different countries.
    - - I will use this article to bring more light on successful lowering gun ownership policies around the world, and discuss if no guns available = no homicide. New information here is Switzerland and Israel.
- - - - Giffords Law Center is a national public interest law center and nonprofit organization that promotes gun control legislation in the United States and conducted litigation against the gun industry.
    - - "4.6 million minors in the US live in homes with at least one loaded, unlocked firearm." (Deborah Azrael, Joanna Cohen, Carmel Salhi, and Matthew Miller)
      - "Although 70% of parents reported that adolescents could not independently access firearms in their household, over one-third of children belonging to those households reported being able to access the firearm in less than five minutes" (Carmel Salhi, Deborah Azrael, Matthew Miller)
      - "Up to 90% of guns used by minors in suicides, unintentional shootings, and school shootings are found in the child’s home or the home of a relative" (Renee M. Johnson, et al.)
    - - I will use this source about talking why child access prevention laws should be used and how they would be effective, because a lot of shootings happen in school settings by students themselves.
    - - Safe firearm storage helps prevent gun deaths and injuries in children, and research suggests that CAP and safe storage laws increase safe storage behavior. This makes these laws incredibly effective at preventing gun deaths and injuries among children and teens.
      - There are no federal child access prevention or safe storage laws. There are laws that are more in the gray area, mention it briefly, or make a lot of exceptions.
- - - - Only 23 states currently have some semblance of a secure storage requirement. (Tucker, E., & Krishnakumar, P. )
      - The increase in gun violence was underscored in the FBI’s 2020 Uniform Crime Report, which stated that about 77% of reported murders in 2020 were committed with a gun, up from 74% in 2019. (Tucker, E., & Krishnakumar, P. )
      - "Despite strong gun laws, some states still feel the effects of being close to a state with more lax regulations. For example, Illinois has the sixth-strongest gun safety laws in the country, but its neighboring state of Indiana has much weaker gun laws" (Tucker, E., & Krishnakumar, P. )
    - - While there are some states like California who have strict gun laws, having states with worse gun policy still creates a problem and brings more gun into those states
      - There needs to be work done on laws surrounding secure storage
      - It is proven and there are statistics that states with stricter gun laws have less violence
      - The study by Everytown for Gun Safety determined that California had the strongest gun laws in the country. Hawaii topped the list with the lowest rate of gun deaths in the country while Mississippi led the country with both the weakest gun laws and highest rate of gun deaths.
    - - CNN is a multinational news channel and website headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Emma Jane Tucker is an English journalist and editor in chief of The Wall Street Journal, where she is the first woman to lead the publication. Priya Krishnakumar is an editor on CNN’s visual news desk, covering race, inequality and policing.
    - - I will use this source as one more proof how the laws that we have implemented so far in some of the states are showing results. But because a lot of other states do not have same/similar laws it still keeps the problem going.
- - - - In countries like Norway and UK police officers do not carry firearms.
      - There is a visible corrlelation between stricter checks, limited guns available, and low homicide rates.
      - Mass shootings in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom prompted those governments to tighten gun laws.
    - - "A large majority of police officers in the UK do not carry firearms, setting them apart from counterparts in the United States and other countries." (Masters, J.)
      - "Though Norway ranks fourteenth worldwide in gun ownership, according to Small Arms Survey, it placed near the bottom in gun homicide rates. (The U.S. rate is roughly forty-four times higher.) Most Norwegian police, like the British, do not carry firearms." (Masters, J.)
      - "Under Japan’s firearm and sword law, the only guns permitted are shotguns, air guns, guns with specific research or industrial purposes, or those used for competitions. However, before access to these specialty weapons is granted, one must obtain formal instruction and pass a battery of written, mental, and drug tests and a rigorous background check. Furthermore, owners must inform the authorities of how their weapons and ammunition are stored and provide their firearms for annual inspection." (Masters, J.)
    - - The Council on Foreign Relations is an American think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international relations. Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal in the field, as well as dozens of other reports and books by noted experts.
    - - This article sheds light on limiting gun laws and background checks people need to do in other countries in order to receive a gun, and its correlation to lower homicide rates. I will use these examples to my universal/compulsary background check point.